"  i] 


"m^ 


wiilMl,     i  Mi   I 

iliill!!!    Iii  ill  i      I   !      Ill     jI-.;''-;---"--'--    -■• 


GASH 

iiilili(i!li;ii!U!{iliiilii;iu!ii;!;:(hi<iii 


^     ii  '!  !i  1  !     Mil      I  M 

i!    I  Hi  i!  ll 

.H;iilii,i!li       !    I  llll     ill  ill  I  "II  !'■'■'■ 


Mtt:i;M!;iM:lt!ii:it':iir:)t 


^^  PRINCETON,  N.  J.  ^ 

Purchased   by  the  Hamill   Missionary   Fund. 


BR  515  , 

.M32 

1913 

McCash, 

Isaac  Newton, 

b. 

1861. 

Horizon 

of 

American  missions 

Horizon  of  American  Missions 


COLLEGE  OF  MISSIONS  LECTURESHIP,  SERIES  IL 

Horizon  of  American  _„ 

Missions     /^ '^■^ 

FEB  28  1914 


^y  ^<4£1£S!CA!J 


ISAAC  NEWTON  McCASH,  M.  A.,  LL.  D. 

Author  of  ^^Ten  Plagues  of  Modern  Egypt y*^  Secretary 
American  Christian  Missionary  Society^  Editor  American 
Home  Missionary^  and  Member  of  Deputation  of  the  Home 
Missions  Council   on  Neglected  Field  Survey^  etc.y  etc. 


With  Introduction  by 
President  CHARLES  T.  PAUL,  M.  A. 

Illustrated 


New  York  Chicago  Toronto 

Fleming  H.   Revell    Company 

London  and  Edinburgh 


Copyright,   19 13,  by 
FLEMING  H.  REVELL  COMPANY 


New  York:  158  Fifth  Avenue 
Chicago:  125  North  Wabash  Ave. 
Toronto:  25  Richmond  Street,  W. 
London:  21  Paternoster  Square 
Edinburgh:      100    Princes    Street 


Dedicated  to  all  Christian  patriots 
and  followers  of  Christy 

who  seek  America! s  Chris tianization 
for  the   world*  s   sake 


Prefactory  Word 

VISION  is  a  popular  term  often  mis- 
applied and  much  abused.  Fre- 
quently it  has  but  one  dimension 
— length.  It  is  like  a  telescope  extend- 
ing sight  to  remote  stars,  but  shutting  out 
all  celestial  bodies  not  in  its  visual  angle  ; 
or  a  search-light  tunnelling  thick  dark- 
ness, and  revealing  only  objects  in  a  nar- 
row radius  of  its  spotlight.  A  reformer 
or  missionary  may  so  see,  through  a  vista 
of  years,  actualities  without  their  relation- 
ship. Horizon  is  needed — a  vision  in 
all  directions, — daylight  observation  of 
things  related  to  each  other.  In  horizon 
the  observer  is  at  the  centre  of  his  world, 
limited  by  a  sky-line  where  roads  lead 
beyond  sight. 

A  statesman  has  not  only  vision,  but 
horizon.  He  sees  his  country  in  com- 
mercial, religious,  diplomatic  and  inter- 
national relations.     He  recognizes  with- 

7 


8  PKEFACTORY  WOED 

out  extravagance  or  sentiment  the  inter- 
lacing of  religion  with  other  interests  of 
national  life.  Such  a  perspective  is  the 
need  of  the  hour. 

The  chapters  of  this  book  set  in  order 
important  facts  of  American  history. 
They  deal  with  the  development  of  Chris- 
tianity as  an  elemental  factor  of  our 
colonial  and  national  existence  and  con- 
sciousness. Recognition  of  the  complex- 
ity of  our  social  order  with  the  position 
the  Church  holds  in  it  is  acknowledged, 
and  a  reminder  is  given  of  an  inheritance 
which  makes  us  responsible  for  the  safety 
and  perpetuity  of  our  Republic.  The 
Gospel  is  emphasized  as  the  power  of  God 
unto  national  salvation,  and  the  chief 
agent  of  moral  and  spiritual  force,  which 
is  wooing  and  will  win  the  world  to 
Christ. 

I.  N.  McC. 

Cincinnati,  Ohio. 


Contents 

Introduction        ....       13 
By  Charles  T.  Paul,  B.  A.,  M.  A., 
President  College  of  Missions 

I.  Historic     Survey     of    American 

Christianity         .         .         -17 

II.  Regional   Survey  of  Unmet  Re- 

ligious Needs         .         .         '37 

III.  Foreign  Factors  in  the  Equation 

OF  American  Missions    .         .       63 

IV.  Cities  Related  to  the  Kingdom 

OF  God  .....       85 

V.  Creative     Forces     Working    in 

America         ....     103 

VI.  Loyal  Church  Efficiency   .         .119 

VII.  Supply  AND  Location  of  Preachers     143 

VIII.  America      Democratizing      the 

World 169 

Bibliography        ,         .         .         .191 


9 


THE  HOME  MISSIONARY 

«  He  built  a  house ;  time  laid  it  in  the  dust; 
He  wrote  a  book ;  its  title  now  forgot ; 
He  ruled  a  city,  but  his  name  is  not 
On  any  tablet  graven,  where  rust 
Can  gather  from  disuse,  or  marble  bust. 

"  He  took  a  child  from  out  a  wretched  cot, 
Who  on  the  state  dishonour  might  have  brought 
And  reared  him  to  the  Christian's  hope  and  trust. 
The  boy,  to  manhood  grown,  became  a  light 
To  many  souls,  and  preached  for  human  need 
The  wondrous  love  of  the  Omnipotent. 

"  The  work  has  multiplied  like  stars  at  night 
When  darkness  deepens ;  every  noble  deed 
Lasts  longer  than  a  granite  monument." 


Illustrations 


Colonial  Missionary  Shield    .  ,         .  Frontispiece 

Typical  Southern  Negro  Home  .  Facing  page  41 
Map  of  Neglected  Field  Survey  **  *'  46 
Buddhist  Temple,  Los  Angeles,  Cal.  "  **  50 
Chinese  in  Process  of  Americaniza- 


tion    .  ... 

Christ*s  Rural  Sentinel 

College  of  Missions,  Indianapolis 
Ind.,  Under  Christian  Women* 
Board  of  Missions    . 

Shrine  in  Buddhist  Temple,  Stock 
ton,    Cal, 


((       « 


73 
III 

148 
175 


11 


1 


Introduction 

■^HE  chapters  of  this  volume  repre- 
sent a  brief  course  of  addresses  on 
American  missions  delivered  dur- 
ing the  session  of  1912-1913  at  the  College 
of  Missions  in  Indianapolis.  The  audi- 
ence, composed  of  faculty,  students,  and 
Christian  workers  from  many  fields  and 
forms  of  service,  received  the  lectures 
with  such  interest  and  enthusiasm  that, 
upon  the  completion  of  the  course,  their 
issuance  in  printed  form  was  urgently 
and  unanimously  requested.  Partly  on 
this  account,  but  more  especially  because 
the  lectures  were  prepared  to  constitute 
the  second  annual  series  in  the  "  College 
of  Missions  Lectureship,"  they  are  now 
given  wider  circulation  in  the  belief  that 
they  offer  no  inconsiderable  contribution 
to  the  theme  with  which  they  deal. 
The  author,  Dr.  McCash,  is  well  quali- 

13 


14  INTEODUCTION 

fied  to  speak  authoritatively  of  the  mis- 
sionary aspects  of  American  Christianity. 
A  keen  observer  and  careful  student  of 
religious  problems,  an  experienced  edu- 
cator, a  brilliantly  successful  minister  in 
both  countryside  and  urban  university 
centre,  withal  an  able  administrator,  he 
has  been  for  some  years  the  senior  sec- 
retary of  the  American  Christian  Mis- 
sionary Society,  the  principal  home  mis- 
sionary organization  of  the  Disciples  of 
Christ.  This  position  has  given  him 
ample  and  first-hand  opportunities  to 
acquaint  himself  intimately  with  the 
status  of  religion  in  the  great  American 
field.  His  association  in  interdenomina- 
tional councils  has  brought  him  into 
close  touch  with  the  home  propaganda  of 
all  the  leading  American  churches  ;  while 
his  activity  in  recent  united  surveys, 
which  have  sought  to  compass  the  entire 
problem  of  America's  Christianization, 
has  given  him  such  a  grasp  of  the  situa- 
tion as  is  well  indicated  by  the  phrase — 
"  missionary  horizon." 

Dr.  McCash  speaks  not  as  a  partisan, 
but    with    wide    outlook    and    compre- 


INTEODUCTION  15 

hensive  sympathy.  He  has  the  vision 
of  the  prophet,  the  passion  of  the  patriot, 
the  perspective  of  the  historian,  and  the 
practicality  of  the  statesman.  He  views 
American  missions  as  an  inevitable  func- 
tion of  the  primal  tradition  and  the  pur- 
est impulse  of  the  nation's  life.  His 
presentation  of  present-day  problems  is  a 
challenge  to  the  initiative  and  enterprise 
of  the  American  mind. 

This  book  should  do  much  to  quicken 
certain  convictions  already  astir  in  the 
American  Christian  consciousness : 

(1)  That  American  Churches  must 
seek  a  deeper  life  in  Christ,  and  divine 
power  for  their  superhuman  task  ; 

(2)  That  denominationalism  should 
make  way  for  the  united  Church  of  Christ 
devoting  itself  with  adequate  efficiency 
to  the  unfinished  task  of  America's  Chris- 
tianization ; 

(3)  That  America  is  big  with  destiny, 
opportunity  and  responsibility  in  rela- 
tion to  the  evangelization  of  the  modern 
non-Christian  world. 

What  is  yet  needed  to  send  American 
Christianity  conquering  through  the  na- 


16  INTEODUCTION 

tions?  The  simple  yet  mighty  demon- 
stration that  it  can  save  America.  To 
this  demonstration  the  Church  of  America 
is  called  in  these  lectures. 

Charles  T.  Paul. 

College  of  MlssionSj 
Indiana^oUSj  Ind, 


Historic  Survey  of  American 
Christianity 


It  is  ours  to  be  the  grave  in 
which  is  entombed  the  hopes 
of  humanity,  or  the  pillar  of 
cloud  to  guide  the  race  to 
millennial  glory, 

— Alexander  Hamilton. 


HISTOEIC  SURVEY  OF  AMERICAN 
CHRISTIANITY 

CHRISTIAN  MISSIONS,  consid- 
ered in  Scriptural  terms,  mean 
preaching  good  tidings  of  salva- 
tion to  the  unsaved,  as  commanded  by 
Christ  and  His  apostles.  Preaching  the 
Gospel  to  the  unsaved  includes  evangeliza- 
tion and  Christianization  of  the  people. 
The  Gospel  is  to  be  proclaimed  to  those 
who  have  never  accepted  Christ,  and  to 
believers  who  need  spiritual  food  for  their 
development.  The  mission  of  the  Gospel 
is  the  conversion  of  sinners,  and  the 
cultivation  of  disciples.  Evangelism 
gathers  people  into  the  Church,  while 
Christianization  trains  and  builds  them 
up  in  Christ.  The  apostles  both  preached 
and  "  set  in  order  the  things  that  were 
wanting."  The  missionary  is  one  sent 
by  Christ  as  a  messenger  and  herald. 
In  America  he  has  all  the  incentives  of  a 

19 


20    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

messenger  to  any  land,  plus  patriotism. 
He  has  five  aims : 

1st — To  make  Christ  supreme  in  the 
home-land. 

2d — To  save  from  sin. 

3d — To  so  improve  environment  that 
men  find  it  easy  to  do  right 
and  hard  to  do  wrong. 

4th — To  establish  the  Church. 

5th — To  enlarge  the  Kingdom  of 
Christ. 

These  aims  are  permeated  and  impelled 
by  love  of  country.  Christ  released  the 
idea  of  world-wide  dominion  without 
limitation  of  geographical  lines,  national 
territory,  or  boundary  by  seas.  He 
stressed  universality.  His  passion  of 
soul  was  for  the  redemption  of  the  world. 
The  divine  program  was  co-extensive 
and  co-eval  with  the  races  of  men.  It  has 
an  historic  initiative.  He  said,  "  Ye 
shall  be  my  witnesses,  both  in  Jerusalem, 
and  in  all  Jud?ea  and  Samaria,  and 
unto  the  uttermost  part  of  the  earth."  ^ 
That  program  has  a  mathematical  method, 
inasmuch   as  it  began  with  the  known 

>  Acts  i.  8. 


HISTOEIC  SURVEY  21 

and  proceeded  to  the  unknown.  It  is 
empirical,  for  it  advanced  as  experience, 
from  the  near  to  the  adjacent  and  thence 
to  the  remote.  When  that  plan  of  world 
conquest  was  announced  America  was  not 
on  the  map.  Only  three  continents  lay 
within  the  zone  of  human  knowledge  at 
that  time.  Christianity  began  and  fol- 
lowed that  outline  of  the  great  Head  of 
the  Church.  Endued  with  power  from 
on  high,  by  the  Holy  Spirit,  at  Jerusalem, 
its  general  course  was  westward.  Its 
benign  influence  began  with  the  rising 
sun,  and  followed  as  the  increasing  light 
of  day ;  reaching  the  Mediterranean  Sea, 
it  compassed  the  southern  and  northern 
borders;  into  Africa  it  pushed  its  way, 
spread  through  Asia,  and  at  the  call 
of  "a  man  of  Macedonia,"  crossed  into 
Europe.  The  apostolic  age,  which  lasted 
one  hundred  years,  found  disciples  scat- 
tered by  persecution,  and  preaching  the 
Gospel  everywhere.  Paul,  the  apostle, 
carried  the  Word  of  God  into  Greece, 
Italy  and  Spain.  Later,  unnamed  mes- 
sengers of  the  Truth  hurried  along  Roman 
roads  into  the  most  distant  parts  of  the 


22    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

Empire,  and  Christian  teaching  leavened 
many  countries.  It  is  the  purpose  of 
studying  the  genesis  of  Christian  mis- 
sions to  discover  the  influence  and  mes- 
sengers which  affected  American  history, 
and  the  place  Christianity  has  in  our 
early  colonial  and  national  life.  Two 
lines  of  influence  are  distinct  and  trace- 
able. 

Out  of  the  Macedonian  country,  in  the 
year  341  A.  d.,  Ulfilas  or  Little  Wolf,  who 
had  been  educated  in  Constantinople, 
came  to  proclaim  the  Gospel  among 
the  Goths  near  Wien,  now  Vienna.  He 
taught  that  warlike  people  north  of 
the  Danube,  compiled  an  alphabet,  and 
translated  for  them  the  whole  Bible, 
except  First  and  Second  Kings  which  he 
feared  would  encourage  their  overdevel- 
oped belligerency.  That  priceless  literary 
production,  called  the  "  Silver  Bible,"  is 
preserved  at  Upsala,  in  the  University  of 
Sweden.  Through  the  influence  of  this 
messenger  and  his  translation,  Christian- 
ity finally  reached  the  King  of  Norway, 
who  gave  up  Thor  and  accepted  Christ. 
About  the  year  1000  a.  d.,  that  sovereign 


HISTOEIC  SUEVEY  23 

was  visited  by  Lief,  the  son  of  Eric  the 
Norseman,  who  through  the  king's  en- 
treaty became  a  Christian.  That  hardy 
seaman  fitted  up  a  ship,  and  started  as  a 
missionary  to  Greenland  to  Christianize 
a  colony  of  his  own  nationality  from 
Iceland.  On  the  voyage  his  vessel  was 
driven  by  a  storm  far  to  the  south,  and 
Vineland,  the  eastern  shore  of  America, 
was  discovered.  The  first  white  man,  of 
whom  history  gives  a  record,  who  saw 
America  was  a  Christian  missionary.^ 

The  second  line  of  influence  is  from 
the  region  of  Spain  and  Italy,  in  which 
the  apostle  to  the  Gentiles  preached. 
Columbus,  in  1492,  with  a  view  of  find- 
ing a  way  westward  to  the  Indies,  and 
with  a  missionary  purpose,^  sailed  the 
unexplored  Atlantic.  When  he  landed 
upon  the  island  of  San  Fernando  he 
knelt  in  prayer,  erected  a  cross,  and  took 
America  in  the  name  of  God  and  the 
Sovereign  of  Spain.  That  unholy  union 
of  Spanish  sovereignty  with  Almighty 
God  in  North  America  was  divorced  in 


^  "  Winner  of  the  World,"  p.  6. 

Journal  of  Columbus,  First  Voyage." 


2  (( 


24    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

the  Hispano-American  war,  when  Cuba 
was  freed  from  the  tyranny  of  Spain. 
We  hold  America  in  the  name  of  God 
and  our  gold  and  silver  coin  proclaim  our 
faith :  "  In  God  we  trust."  Columbus' 
dream  of  a  straight  westward  course  to 
India  will  be  fulfilled  in  the  opening  of 
the  Panama  Canal. 

Puritans  from  England  and  Pilgrims 
from  Holland,  products  of  early  mission- 
ary activity  in  the  British  Islands,  and 
first  settlers  of  America,  transplanted 
Christian  faith  into  the  new  world,  and 
sought  its  free  growth  here.  When  the 
first  ship  bearing  emigrants  sailed  from 
England,  Father  Robinson  offered  prayer 
for  the  safety  of  the  voyagers,  saying  : 
''  More  light  will  break  from  the  Book." 
A  right  to  all  the  light  of  that  Book, 
and  its  enjoyment,  was  the  motive  that 
impelled  colonists  to  establish  new  homes 
in  a  strange  land  on  the  western  hemi- 
sphere. America's  first  settlers  were 
Christian.  The  Cavaliers  in  Virginia,  in 
1606,  inserted  in  their  charter  the  follow- 
ing clause  :  ^'  A  Christian  religion  is  to 
be  propagated  among  such  people  as  yet 


HISTOEIO  SUEVEY  25 

live  in  darkness  and  miserable  ignorance 
of  the  truth,  knowledge  and  worship  of 
God.  The  word  and  service  of  God  is  to 
be  preached,  planted  and  used,  not  only 
in  said  colony,  but  as  much  as  may  be 
among  savages  bordering  upon  them." 
The  Massachusetts  colony  had  a  shield, 
upon  which  was  the  image  of  an  Indian, 
and  a  superscription — "  Come  over  and 
help  us." 

Following  the  English  in  rapid  suc- 
cession the  Dutch  established,  in  New 
Amsterdam  in  1628,  the  First  Reformed 
Church  which  continues  to  this  day. 
Swedish  immigrants  in  1638  organized  a 
Christian  community  in  Delaware  at  the 
direction  of  King  Gustavus  Adolphus. 
Maryland  under  Lord  Baltimore,  with  a 
liberal  Roman  Catholic  policy,  and  Geor- 
gia, in  an  Episcopalian  settlement  under 
Oglethorpe,  recognized  religion  as  the 
prime  element  in  the  community  life  of 
each.  German  newcomers  sailed  up  the 
Delaware  Bay  and  founded  a  settlement 
at  Germantown.  They  were  as  strict  in 
their  religious  faith  as  the  Quakers  and 
Puritans.     It    seems    almost    anomalous 


26    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

that  those  Germans  should  be  pioneers 
in  legislation  against  the  beverage  liquor 
traffic,  and  issue  the  first  anti-slavery 
document. 

On  the  Pacific  Coast  and  in  regions 
of  the  southwest,  the  Roman  Catholic 
friars  built  mission  houses  and  estab- 
lished orders  of  the  church.  In  the 
South,  beginning  with  St.  Augustine  in 
1565,  tenets  of  their  church  were  carried 
wherever  Spaniards  effected  a  settlement. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  the  French  in 
the  northern  regions  of  the  United  States. 
Jacques  Marquette,  Dablon,  Chaumonot, 
La  Salle,  and  others  made  the  religion  of 
the  Roman  Catholic  Church  an  essential 
feature  of  the  French  colonies.  For  this 
garden  of  the  Lord  were  brought  Hugue- 
nots, Quakers,  Moravians,  Baptists,  Pres- 
byterians, Lutherans,  Mennonites,  Con- 
gregationalists  and  Covenanters — seeds  of 
religious  flowers,  some  with  thorns,  which 
have  grown  in  profusion  here.  Bancroft, 
the  historian,  says,  ^'  Our  forefathers 
were  not  only  Christian,  but  almost 
unanimously  Protestants.  The  school  that 
bows  to  the  senses  as  the  sole  interpreter 


HISTOEIC  SUEVEY  27 

of  the  Truth  had  little  share  in  coloniz- 
ing America.''  Religion  was  fundamental 
as  a  guiding  force  in  determining  the 
character  of  the  new  civilization  here  to 
be  established. 

---headers  in  American  colonization  have 
left  fragmentary  evidence  of  anxiety  felt 
for  the  spiritual  welfare  of  the  Indians. 
Their  missionary  activity  among  savages 
falls  into  two  periods.  The  first  was 
colonial.  In  that  period,  guerrilla  war- 
fare, treachery  and  massacres  were  the 
common  expression  of  feeling  between  the 
pale-face  and  the  red  man.  How  far  the 
Indian  was  made  an  ally  by  aspiring 
groups  of  white  men  representing  different 
nationalities,  and  how  far  he  was  a  scape- 
goat for  the  white  man's  greed,  may  never 
be  known.  However,  in  that  period  there 
were  some  worthy  examples  of  missionary 
effort.  John  Elliott  was  so  anxious  to 
bring  the  Living  Word  to  these  children  of 
the  wild  that  he  formed  an  alphabet,  and 
in  1661  translated  the  Bible  into  Indian 
dialect.  He  had  a  number  of  Christian 
villages  among  them,  where  the  fruits  of 
righteousness   and   truth   were   borne  in 


28    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

abundance.  Roger  Williams,  an  exile  to 
Rhode  Island,  improved  his  opportunity 
of  preaching  the  Gospel  to  natives  of  that 
region.  He  wrote  in  savage  breasts  the 
message  of  Christ's  love.  The  Mayhews 
on  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  in  the  region  of 
Boston,  ministered  to  the  same  Indian 
tribes  for  five  generations.  David  Brain- 
erd,  the  most  spiritual  missionary  of 
which  America  has  a  record,  carried  the 
Word  of  God  up  the  Hudson  River,  bore  it 
through  unexplored  woods  to  tribes  along 
the  Delaware.  For  four  years  this  young 
messenger  of  Christ  ministered.  He  wrote 
a  diary  as  the  expression  of  a  man  wholly 
dedicated  to  the  lifting  up  of  the  red  man, 
and  that  diary  has  been  an  inspiration  to 
all  modern  missionaries,  both  home  and 
foreign.  His  brief  life  in  such  service 
touched  the  soul  of  Jonathan  Edwards, 
and  kindled  it  into  evangelistic  zeal  not 
surpassed  in  the  history  of  modern  evan- 
gelism. John  Woolman,  a  Friend,  visited 
the  Indians  in  Pennsylvania  and  found  a 
Moravian  missionary  among  them.  All 
religious  activity  in  the  colonies  of  white 
people  and  all  missionary  effort  to  give 


HISTOEIO  SURVEY  29 

the  Gospel  to  the  Indians  were  the 
preparations  for  a  Christian  nation,  then 
in  gestation  and  already  feeling  birth 
pains. 

The  second  period  was  national.  The 
colonies  had  become  a  nation  and  the 
government  as  a  corporate  personality 
made  or  broke  treaties  with  the  Indians. 
Our  later  national  attitude  toward  the  red 
man  discredits  our  forefathers  and  re- 
proaches Christianity.  Agencies,  how- 
ever, were  established  for  the  protection 
of  the  Indians  and  public  schools  opened 
for  their  instruction.  Churches  and  pri- 
vate individuals  gave  them  the  Word  of 
God  through  missionaries  and  evangelists ; 
permanent  churches  and  mission  schools, 
as  settlements  in  reserved  parts  of  the 
union,  were  effected.  But  the  task  is  not 
completed.  The  census  of  Indian  Com- 
missioner Valentine  (1912)  gives  a  total 
population  of  326,912.  This  belated  race 
though  increasing  in  number  has  forfeited 
its  right  to  rule  the  continent. 

God  did  not  intend  that  a  land  so  rich 
in  varied  resources  should  be  wasted  by 
an  improvident  red  race.     Our  forefathers 


30    HORIZOK  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIOls^ 

took  possession  of  the  natural  and  unde- 
veloped resources  of  a  partially  explored 
country.  Freedom  of  air  and  water  was 
theirs  but  the  right  of  the  land  was  dis- 
puted by  an  inferior  race.  The  Indians 
claimed  the  country,  as  inhabitants  of 
Canaan  claimed  Palestine  when  the 
Hebrews  entered,  but  they  had  forfeited 
it  by  the  law  of  lack.  The  Indians  lacked 
vision,  and  where  vision  tarries,  the  people 
perish.  They  saw  in  streams  the  glint  of 
fish,  made  hooks  of  bone,  nets  of  bull- 
rushes,  spears  of  wahoo,  and  caught 
enough  to  satisfy  animal  appetite.  They 
saw  wild  beasts  and  hunted  them  for  food, 
using  the  hides  to  make  clothing  and 
wigwams.  They  saw  trees  as  shelters 
under  which  they  could  take  refuge  from 
storms  and  heat  of  summer.  They  gath- 
ered supplies  of  nuts  not  taken  by  birds 
and  wild  animals.  When  God  said  to 
Israel,  ''The  land  is  mine,  ye  are  strangers 
and  sojourners  with  me,"^  ''Every  place 
that  the  sole  of  3^our  foot  shall  tread  upon, 
that  I  have  given  unto  you,"  ^  His  state- 
ment to  that  ancient  people  was  the  dec- 

*  Lev.  XXV.  23.  '  Joshua  i.  2. 


HISTOEIC  SUEVEY  31 

laration  of  an  indisputable  fact  and  an 
eternal  principle ;  both  of  which  have  ap- 
plication and  verification  in  American 
history.  The  whole  earth  is  the  Lord's 
and  the  fullness  thereof — to  man  is  given 
so  much  of  it  as  he  will  use.  Man^s 
ownership  is  circumscribed  by  utility. 
Only  so  much  knowledge  as  he  acquires 
and  uses  is  his ;  only  so  much  of  the 
Bible  as  a  man  knows  and  appropriates 
is  his ;  only  so  much  Christianity  as 
a  man  incarnates  in  his  life  and  conduct 
is  his.  The  white  man  saw  in  America 
all  that  the  Indian  saw,  and  more.  He 
caught  the  same  species  of  fish  from  the 
streams,  but  saw  a  stream  as  an  artery  of 
commerce,  and  a  developing  agent  of 
power.  He  constructed  boats  that  plied 
between  cities  along  rivers,  he  built  dams 
from  which  electric  currents  were  gener- 
ated, to  light,  propel  and  heat  vehicles  of 
transportation  and  turn  ponderous  ma- 
chinery in  factories.  He  saw  the  surface 
of  the  same  hunting-grounds  over  which 
Indians  chased  the  bison  and  wolf,  and 
transformed  those  lands  into  farms  and 
gardens,    where    domestic   animals    and 


32    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

fowls  were  substituted  for  wild  beasts. 
The  white  man  saw  in  trees  the  same 
shelter,  but  understood  how  these  could 
be  made  into  keels  and  masts  of  ships  and 
builded  into  institutions  for  the  help  of 
humans.  Beneath  the  surface  he  dis- 
cerned beds  of  coal,  lakes  of  oil,  and 
fissues  of  silver  and  gold.  Through  shafts 
and  piping  these  have  been  brought  to 
the  surface  to  minister  to  a  developing 
civilization.  God  gave  the  Indian  cen- 
turies of  opportunities  but  they  were  un- 
improved. The  white  man  has  entered 
into  his  possessions,  but  unless  he  uses 
them  for  the  advancement  of  the  kingdom 
of  righteousness,  other  people  will  rise  up 
to  fulfill  the  words  of  Jesus :  "  To  him 
that  hath,  more  shall  be  given,  but  from 
him  that  hath  not,  shall  be  taken  even 
that  which  he  hath." 

Our  Republic,  through  its  group  of 
states,  acknowledged  our  national  de- 
pendence upon  God  and  the  primal  place 
the  principles  of  Christianity  have  in  its 
life.  From  the  day  Governor  Bradford 
instituted  Thanksgiving  for  the  meagre 
returns    of  twenty-six   acres    of  cleared 


HISTORIC  SURVEY  83 

land,  and  the  abundance  of  game 
from  forests,  America  has  publicly  ac- 
knowledged dependence  upon  God.  A 
series  of  incidents  in  our  political  and 
military  history  bring  corroborative  proof 
of  this  reliance  upon  Providence.  When 
the  Constitution  was  under  heated  debate, 
and  the  future  course  of  our  government 
was  in  the  balance,  Benjamin  Franklin 
introduced  a  resolution  that  daily  prayers 
might  be  offered  to  the  Almighty  for  the 
guidance  of  its  framers.  All  members  of 
that  Constitutional  convention,  each  day, 
as  one  man,  knelt  in  prayer.  It  seems 
almost  incredible  that  the  Chinese  Repub- 
lic, a  pagan  nation,  one  hundred  and 
twenty-six  years  later,  should  ask  the 
churches  of  America  and  all  Christendom 
to  pray  for  God's  grace  and  guidance, 
while  its  first  congress  was  being  or- 
ganized and  a  constitution  drafted  and 
signed. 

George  Washington,  commander-in- 
chief  of  the  army  of  the  Revolution 
which  followed  our  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, offered  morning  prayer  to  God 
for    eight   years   that  victory  might  be 


34    HORIZON  OF  AMERICA:^  MISSIONS 

given  his  patriotic  soldiers  in  their  war- 
fare for  political  and  religious  liberty. 

When  President  Lincoln  was  assassi- 
nated, and  the  nation  seemed  to  be  turn- 
ing back  into  darkness  of  rebellion,  Gar- 
field silenced  a  surging  multitude  in  New 
York,  when  he  exclaimed — "  God  reigns, 
and  the  government  at  Washington 
lives." 

Captain  Phillips,  commander  of  the 
battle-ship  Texas,  after  the  naval  conflict 
between  the  Spanish  fleet  and  American 
battle-ships  off  the  coast  of  Santiago, 
acknowledged  God,  in  the  presence  of  his 
marines,  as  the  giver  of  victory,  and  said, 
*' All  who  believe  in  God,  hats  off."  Every 
head  was  uncovered. 

The  battle  hymn  of  the  Republic  voices 
in  music  our  recognition  of  God  — 

"  Mine  eyes  have  seen  the  glory  of  the  coming 
of  the  Lord  ; 
*  Hs  *  *  ^  ^ 

He  has  sounded  forth  the  trumpet  that  shall 

never  call  retreat ; 
He  has  sifted  out  the  hearts  of  men  before 

His  judgment  seat ; 
Oh  !  be  swift,  my  soul,  to  answer  Him  !  be 
jubilant,  my  feet, 

Our  God  is  marching  on.'' 


HISTOEIC  SURVEY  35 

and   our   people   sing  it  in  the  national 
song — 

<^  Our  fathers'  God,  to  Thee, 

Author  of  Liberty, 

To  Thee  we  sing. 
Long  may  our  land  be  bright 
With  freedom's  holy  light ; 
Protect  us  by  Thy  might, 

Great  God  our  King." 

Our  Republic  recognizes  the  need  of 
God's  leadership  in  the  enactment  of  laws, 
and  morning  prayer  is  incorporated  in 
the  daily  sessions  of  Congress  and  State 
Legislatures.  Our  national  heritage  has 
two  priceless  boons — religious  liberty 
and  political  freedom.  Who  is  willing  to 
have  them  curtailed  or  surrender  them  ? 
Both  must  be  jealously  guarded  and 
sacredly  preserved.  Christian  ideals  and 
standards  of  our  forefathers  have  been 
perpetuated,  and  they  lay  all  patriots  and 
believers  in  Home  Missions  under  obliga- 
tion to  maintain  them  until  the  last 
chapter  of  American  history  shall  have 
been  written.  Every  reliable  history  of 
America  must  credit  Christianity  as  a 
molding,    upbuilding,    preserving   power 


36    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

in  our  civilization.  We  are  legatees  of 
the  institutions  embodying  those  ideals 
and  standards,  and  inheritors  of  the  de- 
veloped national  resources,  which  intensify 
our  responsibility  for  their  conservation, 
improvement  and  bequeathal  to  genera- 
tions following. 


II 

Regional  Survey  of  Unmet  Religious 

Needs 


II 


BEGIOKAL  SURVEY  OF  UNMET 
RELIGIOUS  NEEDS 


I 


■^HE  population  of  the  United 
States,  January  1,  1913,  based 
upon  a  report  of  the  Treasury,  is 
94,496,000.  That  number  is  exclusive 
of  our  insular  possessions.  Counting 
their  inhabitants,  the  total  living  under 
our  flag  is  105,596,000,  or  one-fifteenth 
of  the  population  of  the  world.  China, 
with  433,000,000,  Great  Britain,  includ- 
ing her  possessions  in  India  and  South 
Africa  with  400,000,000,  and  Russia,  with 
155,430,000,  outrank  us.  Spain,  which 
once  owned  the  largest  portion  of  the 
southern  and  western  territory  of  the 
United  States  ;  France,  which  claimed  all 
areas  of  the  north,  middle-west  and  north- 
west;  Germany,  Italy,  Portugal,  and 
other  nations  much  older  are  outclassed 
by  the  United  States  when  compared  on 
a  basis  of  population. 

39 


40    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

The  history  of  China  is  autiioritative 
for  almost  four  thousand  years ;  that 
which  relates  to  the  kingdom  of  Great 
Britain  is  reliable  to  King  Egbert,  al- 
though the  British  Islands  were  invaded 
and  the  Britains  subjected  to  the  Roman 
Empire  before  Christ.  The  history  of 
Russia  is  seven  hundred  years  old,  though 
records  of  the  Scythians  reach  back  to 
Biblical  times.  In  contrast,  the  history 
of  our  Republic  covers  only  one  hundred 
and  thirty-seven  years  to  the  signing  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  one 
hundred  and  twenty-nine  years  since  the 
Second  Treaty  of  Paris,  which  closed  the 
Revolutionary  War.  In  the  travail  of 
political,  colonial  and  religious  life,  the 
United  States  was  born.  That  corporate 
personality  received  its  name,  began  its 
growth,  entered  upon  an  independent 
career,  assumed  responsibilities  to  sue  or 
be  sued,  wage  wars,  build  institutions, 
develop  resources,  and  establish  defenses. 
No  such  growth  has  ever  been  attained 
in  so  short  a  period  as  that  which  has 
pushed  us  to  fourth  place  in  population 
among  modern  nations. 


EEGIOIS^AL  SURVEY  41 

A  regional  survey  of  America  discovers 
nearly  10,000,000  of  black  people  in  its 
southern  part.  The  Negro,  as  a  factor  in 
American  development,  is  taking  a  new 
relationship  to  the  commercial,  industrial 
and  political  life  of  the  nation.  Since 
his  emancipation  the  increase  of  literacy 
has  been  from  three  per  cent,  to  seventy- 
eight  per  cent.  Independence  of  indus- 
trial interests  places  the  Negro  in  almost 
every  vocation  open  to  men.  He  is  a 
competitor  where  climatic  conditions  are 
favourable  to  his  residence.  He  has  be- 
come more  than  a  rival  where  malarial 
and  warmer  regions  of  our  country  pre- 
vail.    Yet  he  belongs  to  the  belated  races. 

In  the  northwest,  west,  and  south- 
west regions  dwell  326,912  Indians.  The 
eastern  part  of  our  country  contains  the 
greater  portions  of  foreigners  who  have 
made  America  their  permanent  home. 
The  central  part  contains  the  purest 
representatives  of  early  American  set- 
tlers. The  nationalities  represented  on 
American  soil  number  sixty-five  and 
the  languages  and  dialects  spoken  are 
seventy-three.     The  American  Bible  So- 


42    HORIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

ciety  in  1910  sold  on  the  Pacific  Coast 
portions  of  Scripture  in  forty-seven  lan- 
guages and  six  dialects.  Among  the 
Indians,  forty-five  thousand  children  of 
school  age  are  without  the  privileges  of 
religious  instruction — an  inherent  right 
of  every  Indian  child.  They  also  belong 
to  the  belated  peoples  of  America.  They 
are  increasing  in  numbers  and  wealth. 
Their  lands,  because  of  surrounding  settle- 
ments and  improvements,  have  advanced 
many  fold  in  value,  so  that,  per  capita, 
the  Indians  are  the  richest  people  on 
American  soil.  The  Church  owes  to  both 
the  Negro  and  the  Indian  every  oppor- 
tunity for  spiritual  development  and 
religious  life. 

On  the  Pacific  Coast  reside  67,000 
Chinese,  60,000  Japanese,  500  Koreans, 
5,000  Hindus  (1909),  and  500  Filipinos.^ 
There  are  425,000  Russians  in  the  United 
States,  of  whom  4,000  are  in  California.^ 
Italians  in  the  United  States  are  found  to 
the  number  of  484,000,  of  whom  one-fifth 
are  in  California,  where  are  also  one- 
half  of  all  Portuguese  claiming  residence 

*  Hinmau.  «  E.  A.  Sterge. 


EEGIONAL  SURVEY  43 

within  our  borders.  The  coast  offers  to  the 
nations  bordering  the  Mediterranean  cli- 
matic conditions  almost  identical  with 
their  own.  The  same  blue  skies  overarch 
them,  and  kindred  productions — the  vine, 
fig,  and  olive — abound.  The  advantages, 
coupled  with  greater  freedom  and  promise 
of  more  abundant  reward  for  labour,  have 
caused  many  of  these  people  to  undertake 
a  3,000  mile  journey  across  the  continent 
to  find  on  these  western  shores  a  second 
Spain,  Italy,  and  Greece.  As  soon  as  the 
Panama  Canal  is  opened,  people  from 
Southern  Europe  will  be  landed  in  San 
Francisco  as  cheaply  as  in  New  York. 
The  population  of  the  Pacific  Coast  is 
destined  to  become  increasingly  foreign, 
and  that  not  from  the  most  desirable  races. 
Sources  from  which  streams  of  immigra- 
tion flow  to  this  coast  cannot  fail  to 
awaken  deep  apprehension. 

The  foreign  inhabitants  create  a  babel 
so  diversified  in  speech  and  life,  so  kalei- 
doscopic in  shift  and  customs,  so  per- 
meated with  socialistic  views  and  hostility 
toward  organized  society,  that  the  field 
is  the  despair  of  a  divided  Protestantism 


44    HORIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

and  yet  a  standing  challenge  to  the  faith 
and  heroism  of  a  united  Church. 

America,  from  a  regional  survey,  pre- 
sents four  fields  for  missionary  activities. 
First,  frontiers  ;  second,  the  open  country ; 
third,  cities  ;  fourth,  immigration.  Mis- 
sionary Boards,  active  in  the  home-land, 
face  these  four  conditions,  and  must  deal 
with  their  peculiar  needs.  They  are 
factors  in  the  equation  of  home  missions, 
and  vitally  affect  the  safety  and  perpetuity 
of  our  Republic. 

We  call  them  problems.  Jesus  never 
used  the  word  "  problem,"  but  spoke  of 
evils,  conditions,  and  consequences,  to 
which  He  applied  principles  and  remedies, 
and  pointed  out  preventatives.  The  life 
of  governments  depends  upon  their  yield- 
ing obedience  to  His  standard  of  righteous- 
ness. A  nation  means  more  than  a  polit- 
ical organization ;  it  embodies  more  than 
business  methods  by  which  its  industries 
and  national  enterprises  are  cared  for — it 
is  more  than  these.  Citizens  do  not  give 
their  lives  for  mere  industrial  interests. 
Patriotism  inspires  them  to  offer  their 
bodies    and   possessions   as  sacrifices   for 


EEGIONAL  SURVEY  45 

their  country.  Why  do  not  Central 
American  states  merge  their  interests  into 
a  federation,  which,  with  greater  econ- 
omy, can  transact  the  business  of  that 
region,  and  preserve  the  lives  of  its  in- 
habitants ?  Why  did  England,  Germany 
and  Holland,  a  hundred  years  ago,  refuse 
to  join  France  in  a  merged  corporation 
with  Napoleon  Bonaparte  as  President  of 
the  Board  of  Managers  ?  Such  a  consum- 
mation would  have  been  in  the  interest 
of  economy  and  industrial  efficiency  ;  but 
men  do  not  voluntarily  die  or  sacrifice 
private  gain  for  a  corporation  that  has 
industries  as  its  sole  asset — they  will  not 
fight  for  a  mere  entity.  "  Fatherland  " 
alone  moves  the  hearts  of  men  to  give  up 
life  for  impoverished  soil,  and  shout  for 
the  flag  of  their  own  country — because  it 
is  their  own.  But  it  is  righteousness  that 
exalts  and  saves  a  nation ;  the  wage  of 
national  sin  is  death. 

America  is  composed  of  many  units. 
It  is  more  than  a  federation  and  industrial 
corporation.  E  Pluribus  Unum  is  our 
national  bond.  Provincialism,  however, 
is  rampant  in  every  state  of  the  union. 


46    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

Sectionalism  cements  local  sentiment 
into  a  unity  which  furthers  all  interests 
bounded  by  state  lines.  These  are 
brought  into  subserviency  by  the  Ameri- 
can spirit  to  the  larger  national  ideals  and 
standards.  To  be  a  Native  Son  in  Cali- 
fornia is  better  than  a  member  of  a 
First  Family  of  Virginia  (F.  F.  V.)  living 
in  the  same  ward,  and  engaged  in  the 
same  craft.  "  My  Maryland  '^  sounds 
sweeter  and  stirs  more  readily  the  hearts 
of  Marylanders  than  ''  My  Old  Kentucky 
Home ''  rendered  by  the  same  musicians. 
Yet  all  put  their  claim  as  being  Americans 
first. 

The  Home  Missions  Council  in  No- 
vember, 1911,  sent  a  deputation  to  survey 
neglected  fields  of  the  Northwest.  Thir- 
teen of  the  Western  states,  for  several 
reasons,  were  chosen.  The  group  is  geo- 
graphically shown  by  the  accompanying 
map. 

These  particular  states  were  selected  be- 
cause practically  all  of  the  home  mission 
work  done  in  them  is  under  the  supervi- 
sion of  the  religious  bodies  actively  rep- 
resented in  the  Home  Missions  Council. 


< 


EEGIONAL  SUEVEY  47 

Secretaries  and  Boards  gathered  facts 
regarding  conditions  at  first  hand,  not 
hitherto  known.  That  survey  followed 
the  "  Inductive  Method ''  for  home  mis- 
sions, which  has  been  applied  effectively 
to  education,  associated  charities,  and 
various  public  enterprises  of  our  country. 
Thirteen  states  of  the  Northwest  were 
included  in  the  first  survey  with  New 
Mexico  and  Nevada  added,  through  a 
special  commission,  later.  Those  states 
are  Minnesota,  North  Dakota,  Montana, 
Idaho,  Washington,  Oregon,  California, 
Utah,  Wyoming,  Colorado,  Kansas,  Ne- 
braska and  South  Dakota. 

Three  of  the  commonwealths  above 
named  have  a  greater  foreign  population 
than  American.  They  are  Minnesota, 
Montana  and  Utah.  In  that  region,  an 
unmet  religious  need  among  miners  is 
almost  universal.  In  their  camps  no 
effort  is  being  made  to  give  the  Gospel 
to  those  who  delve  for  treasures  of  the 
earth  except  through  irregular  visits  of 
colporteurs  and  evangelists.  Where  min- 
ing camps  have  grown  into  centres  of 
permanent  industries,  trading  posts  and 


48    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

towns,  churches  have  been  built  for  wor- 
ship of  residents,  but  not  primarily  for 
miners.  Twenty  thousand  miners  are  in 
411  camps  of  California.  Women  and 
children  belonging  to  them  add  35,000, 
making  a  total  of  75,000.  In  the  forests 
of  that  territory  125,000  lumbermen,  in 
groups  of  fifty  to  300  each,  spend,  on  an 
average,  nine  months  of  each  year  felling 
trees,  cutting  them  into  saw  logs  and  roll- 
ing them  into  streams  preparatory  to  float- 
ing them  by  freshets  to  sawmills.  These 
**  hewers  of  wood  "  are  exiled  by  occupa- 
tion from  the  refining  influences  of  home 
and  the  spiritual  ministrations  of  the 
Church.  No  day  to  them  is  sacred,  and 
each  is  filled  with  arduous  toil.  Even- 
ings are  spent  in  the  logging  camp  where 
debasing  stories  are  told  to  while  the  time 
away,  and  gamblers  rob  their  victims  of 
their  earnings.  Many  "  lumberjacks  ^* 
are  hurt,  fall  ill,  or  need  the  ministering 
care  of  spiritual  advisers.  Some  die  and 
are  buried  beneath  rejected  trees  without 
service  or  song  or  prayer.  Why  could 
not  the  thousands  of  Christian  men  and 
women  who  go  into  the  woods  and  moun- 


REGIONAL  SURVEY  49 

tains  for  the  summer  outings  take  re- 
ligious tracts,  Sunday-school  literature, 
magazines,  song  books  and  religious 
papers,  and  distribute  them  in  lumber 
and  mining  camps?  Such  voluntary- 
missionary  service  and  Christlike  spirit 
would  cheer  and  win  discouraged,  dissi- 
pated men  to  Christ.  All  will  be  wel- 
comed ;  the}^  like  to  read.  A  mounted 
ministry  is  needed  in  the  forest  areas  to 
visit  and  preach  to  the  woodmen  whose 
camps  are  moved  as  millable  timber  is 
exhausted. 

On  the  Pacific  Coast,  Buddhism  is  mak- 
ing an  aggressive  effort  to  establish  itself. 
Buddhists  claim  seventy-four  temples, 
from  which  energetic  priests  reach 
through  their  adjacent  missions  large 
numbers  of  people.  To  adapt  that  Ori- 
ental religion  to  the  American  people 
modern  missionary  methods  are  used. 
The  tunes  of  Christian  songs  have  been 
appropriated  and  in  these  non-Christian 
temples  is  heard,  "  Oh,  for  a  thousand 
tongues  to  sing  my  Holy  Buddha^s 
praise,'*  and  other  parodied  hymns. 
With  Los  Angeles  as  a  centre,  a  Buddhist 


50    HOKIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

priest  and  his  helpers  visit,  regularly, 
eight  missions,  to  which  all  people  are 
invited.  Seventy-five  American  women 
were  counted  at  one  service  in  such  a 
mission.  What  has  Buddhism  to  give  to 
an  American  woman  ?  What  has  the  so- 
called  "  Light  of  Asia  "  to  give  to  any 
woman?  In  India,  parts  of  China  and 
Japan,  where  that  religion  is  dominant, 
woman  is  the  beast  of  burden,  the  toy  of 
passion,  the  habitat  of  seclusion  and  is 
promised  Nirvana — total  annihilation. 
Yet  in  America,  under  the  stars  and 
stripes,  women  are  turning  away  from 
Christ,  "  who  hath  the  words  of  eternal 
life."  Christianity  restores  her  to  equal- 
ity with  men,  offers  her  the  same  faith, 
and  hope  and  love  in  this  life,  and  the 
promise  of  heaven.  Buddhists  spent  forty 
thousand  dollars  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  in 
1911,  in  planting  their  exotic  religion 
among  the  inhabitants.  Such  an  outlay 
was  in  a  territory  that,  because  of  its 
position  and  natural  resources,  is  des- 
tined to  wield  tremendous  influence  in 
the  future  of  our  Republic.  On  our 
home   soil   we   have    the   spectacle,    un- 


EEGIONAL  SUEVEY  51 

thinkable  in  the  days  of  our  forefathers, 
of  Christianity  and  paganism  in  a  death 
struggle  for  supremacy. 

The  survey  of  neglected  fields  also  dis- 
covered five  thousand  Hindus  west  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  many  of  whom 
are  educated.  In  faith  they  are  Brah- 
manists,  Buddhists,  and  Mohammedans. 
One  Christian  mission  alone  has  been 
established  among  them.  The  American 
Bible  Society  furnishes  them  the  New 
Testament  in  their  native  vernaculars. 

Ten  Christian  bodies  are  doing  mis- 
sionary work  among  Chinese  and  Japa- 
nese on  the  Pacific  slope.  Only  a  few 
hundred,  however,  are  enrolled  as  con- 
verts to  Christian  faith.  Adherents  and 
irregular  attendants  upon  their  services, 
in  mission  stations,  swell  that  number  to 
a  few  thousands,  but  multitudes  of  those 
Orientals  burn  joss  sticks  before  images 
and  bow  down  to  idols  representative  of 
all  the  base  concepts  of  heathen  idolatry. 
For  a  few  cents  ido^s  can  be  purchased  in 
almost  every  village  and  town  where 
Chinese  and  Japanese  reside.  Paganism 
has  been  dignified  by  the  Mikado  giving 


52    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

his  consent  to  the  loan,  for  use  in  a  Seattle 
temple,  of  an  idol  with  a  history  of  five 
hundred  years.  Idolatry  in  America 
may  be  most  refined  and  discreet,  but  it 
turns  the  shadow  on  the  dial  backward, 
and  destroys  the  soul. 

East  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains 
the  deputation  investigated  conditions  in 
the  region  inhabited  by  Mormons.  The 
capital  of  the  Mormon  hierarchy  is  Salt 
Lake  City.  For  compactness,  effective- 
ness and  religio-commercial  expansion, 
that  organization  is  without  a  superior 
in  the  world.  Like  an  octopus  it  reaches 
its  tentacles  of  influence  into  the  valleys 
of  Wyoming  and  Montana,  over  the 
irrigated  region  of  Idaho,  across  the 
mountains  into  California,  along  the  rail- 
ways of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  and 
down  the  ranges  into  Colorado.  That 
influence  is  dominant  in  the  social,  po- 
litical, industrial  and  religious  life  of  the 
people.  The  Mormon  church  teaches 
polygamy,  and  obeys  Federal  law  only 
when  compelled  to  do  so.  Its  threat  to 
overthrow  "  republics  and  kingdoms  '* 
by   sword    and    fire   is   on   record.      In 


EEGIONAL  SURVEY  53 

doctrine,  Mormonism  is  a  veneer  of  pagan- 
ism, teaching  many  gods,  preexistence  of 
human  beings,  a  priesthood  with  absolute 
authority  over  parishioners,  Adam  the 
God  of  the  world,  four  Bibles  with  latter- 
day  revelations,  sin  a  necessity,  and  all 
kept  by  a  secret  oath-bound  order,  with 
death  penalty  for  revealing  the  secret 
ceremonies  of  their  temple.  It  bap- 
tizes for  the  dead  and  is  devoid  of  spir- 
ituality. 

Industrially,  Mormonism  holds  control- 
ling interests  in  the  Sugar  Trust,  the 
Union  Pacific,  and  the  Oregon  Short 
Line  Railroads.  It  seeks  financial  power. 
An  unconscious  impersonation  of  its 
attitude  and  spirit  is  shown  in  a  bronze 
statue  of  its  most  honoured  leader,  Brig- 
ham  Young,  as  it  stands  in  front  of  the 
Eagle  Gate  with  its  back  toward  the 
Temple  and  an  open  palm  extended 
toward  the  bank  on  an  adjacent  corner. 
Mormons  need  Christianity. 

Prairie  states,  like  Kansas,  Nebraska, 
the  Dakotas  and  parts  of  Montana,  which 
cannot  point  to  snow-capped  mountains, 
pearly  lakes  or  forest  reserves,  character- 


54    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

istic  of  sister  commonwealths,  have  their 
religious  problems  with  equal  complexity. 
Eighty  per  cent,  of  the  citizens  of  the 
Dakotas  obtain  their  living  from  the  soil, 
yet  the  rural  churches  are  few.  Indeed, 
throughout  the  vast  agricultural  region 
governed  by  those  states,  the  rural  neglect 
of  the  Church  seems  almost  complete, 
even  in  Kansas.  Only  one-fifth  of  the 
churches  are  out  on  the  soil,  and  so  few 
of  them  are  efficient,  according  to  the 
standards  which  have  been  set  by  com- 
petent pastors.  Rural  districts,  many  of 
them  supporting  a  dense  population,  have 
country  churches  once  prosperous.  Their 
early  settlers,  who  built  them,  moved  to 
other  parts.  Newcomers  are  often  of 
faiths  at  variance  with  that  of  the  builders 
of  the  church,  and  a  minister  is  left 
without  support.  The  location  of  towns 
along  railroads  drew  houses  of  worship  to 
them,  and  left  large  areas  of  land,  twenty 
and  fifty  miles  from  trading  places,  desti- 
tute of  religious  privileges.  Some  com- 
munities, on  the  other  hand,  in  the 
regions  surveyed  are  over-churched  and 
over-evangelized. 


EEGIONAL  SUEVEY 


55 


The  following  table  shows  by  states 
and  in  the  total  the  population  of  the 
region  surveyed  from  the  census  of  1900 
and  again  from  the  census  of  1910.  The 
per  centage  of  increase  for  the  decade  is 
there  noted  for  each  state.  Totals  for 
fifteen  states  are  given  and  the  per 
centage  of  increase  for  the  region.  Each 
of  these  is  compared  with  the  totals  for 
continental  United  States.  The  latter  is 
scaled  at  100  per  cent.,  and  the  proportion 
for  the  region  is  figured  in  relation : 


Popiilaiion 

Per  cent,  of 

1900 

1910 

increase 

Arizona  .    .   . 

.       122,931 

204,354 

66.2 

California  .    . 

.    1,485,053 

2,377,549 

60.1 

Colorado    .    . 

.       539,700 

799,024 

48.0 

Idaho  .... 

161,772 

325,594 

101.3 

Kansas   .    .   . 

.    1,470,495 

1,690,949 

15.0 

Minnesota     . 

.    1,751,394 

2,075,708 

18.5 

Montana    .    . 

.       243,329 

376,053 

54.5 

Nebraska   .    . 

.    1,066,300 

1,192,214 

11.8 

Nevada  .    .   , 

42,335 

81,875 

93.4 

North  Dakota 

.       319,146 

577,056 

80.8 

Oregon    .    .    . 

.       413,536 

672,765 

62.7 

South  Dakota 

401,570 

583,888 

45.4 

Utah  .... 

276,749 

373,351 

34.9 

Washington  . 

.       518,103 

1,141,990 

120.4 

Wyoming  .    . 

92,531 

145,965 

57.7 

Total  .... 

.    8,904,944 

12,618,335 

41.7 

Continental  . 

.   (11.7  per  cent 

.)  (13.7 percent.) 

United  States 

.  75,994,575 
100  per  cent. 

91,972,266 

21.0 

100  per  cent. 

66    HOEIZOI^  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSI0:N^S 

In  the  above  table,  Oregon,  with  a 
population  of  672,765,  has  a  church-mem- 
bership of  72,328,  or  about  one  to  nine  of 
her  population  are  professing  Christians. 
In  that  state,  out  of  1,145  school  dis- 
tricts reporting,  617  are  without  church 
or  Sunday-school.  If  this  state  can  be 
taken  as  typical  of  the  Northwest,  the 
religious  need  of  that  region  calls  for  a 
better  distribution  of  missionary  money, 
and  more  heroic  gifts. 

Hardly  one  country  church  in  four  is 
holding  its  own,  according  to  the  report  of 
the  Ohio  Rural  Life  Survey.^  More  than 
one-half  of  all  country  churches  in  Ohio 
are  losing  ground  more  or  less  rapidly. 
The  report  indicates  more  than  800  aban- 
doned churches.  There  is  no  county  in 
the  state  in  which  one-half  of  its  country 
churches  are  growing.  Absentee  land- 
lordism is  given  as  one  of  the  chief  causes 
for  agricultural  decline,  and  it  undoubt- 
edly has  a  direct  influence  upon  religious 
decline  as  well.  In  ten  of  the  counties 
surveyed,  394  open  country  churches 
were  found.     These  counties  include  sev- 

» 1912. 


EEGIONAL  SURVEY  57 

eral  of  the  best  and  several  of  the  poorest 
in  the  Commonwealth.  Of  these,  seventy- 
two  have  resident  pastors,  281  non-resi- 
dent ministers,  and  forty-one  are  without 
preaching.  The  case  of  Ohio  is  typical  of 
the  Middle  West. 

The  irrigation  territory,  and  other 
farming  regions  on  prairies  and  plains, 
have  an  increasing  population  of  men 
and  women  who  have  grown  from  child- 
hood without  having  reasonable  oppor- 
tunity to  hear  the  Gospel.  Of  a  truth  it 
may  be  said  that  the  great  rural  regions 
of  America  are  without  sufficient  and 
efficient  gospel  ministration. 

Our  cities  with  their  heterogeneous 
mass  of  humanity  are  fostering  enemies 
in  municipal  grafts,  political  chicanery, 
debauching  liquor  traffic,  white  slavery, 
and  low  standards  of  morals.  According 
to  reliable  vice  commission  reports,  vices 
and  forms  of  sin  unknown  in  pagan 
lands  are  practiced  in  some  American 
cities.  These  are  components  of  a  dark 
picture.  They  are  humiliating  facts,  sub- 
stantiated by  indubitable  proofs.  The 
Church  of  Christ  must  become  militant 


58    HOEIZON  OF  AIMERICAN  MISSIONS 

enough  to  break  up  dens  of  iniquity 
and  change  these  conditions.  Influences 
that  vitiate  or  destroy  the  purity  of  social 
life  are  jeopardizing  the  whole  life  of  the 
Republic. 

The  divorce  evil  is  nation-wide  and 
nation-poisoning.  One  small  town  in 
the  state  of  Oregon  has  sixteen  families, 
fifteen  of  which  have  either  obtained 
divorces,  or  applied  for  them.  This  is  an 
extraordinary  case,  but  it  is  indicative  of 
an  evil  attacking  the  home,  the  hope  of 
the  future.^  The  courts  in  America  in 
1906  granted  76,000  divorces  and  in  seven 
years  over  one  million  divorces  rendered 
annually  30,000  children  homeless  and 
furnish  sixty  per  cent,  of  the  inmates  of  all 
orphanages.  Christian  men  of  America 
are  summoned  with  a  trumpet  call,  not  to 
take  up  arms  against  an  army  mobilized 
on  our  borders,  but  to  preserve  the  nation 
from  moral  decay  and  spiritual  ruin. 
The  Gospel  of  Jesus  Christ  is  salt  to  the 
putrefying  morals  of  our  body  politic. 
Christ  is  the  light  to  dispel  darkness  in 
which  pestilence  walks  and  breeds ;  like 

*  Report  Second  World's  Citizenship  Conference. 


EEGIONAL  SURVEY  59 

sunshine,  He  gives  colours  to  flowers  of 
virtue,  and  ripens  fruits  of  righteous- 
ness. 

The  task  is  not  hopeless.  The  Church 
has  made  wonderful  progress,  adverse 
conditions  notwithstanding.  It  has  been 
thrust  into  conditions  on  the  American 
continent  which  would  overthrow  any 
agency  not  Divine.  The  world's  history 
fails  to  show  tests  so  severe,  situations 
with  such  a  variety  of  nationalities,  and 
constantly  changing  population,  as  those 
the  Church  of  our  Lord  must  meet  in  the 
United  States.  Yet  it  has  more  than  held 
its  own.  While  the  population  of  the 
United  States  increased  forty-seven  per 
cent,  in  the  past  twenty-three  years,  church- 
membership  increased  seventy-one  per 
cent,  in  the  same  period.  The  last  five 
years,  however,  about  twenty-one  per  cent, 
each  is  shown.  Christianity  divided  is 
weakened  in  the  presence  of  the  united 
forces  of  evil,  but  there  is  a  growing  coop- 
eration and  increasing  unity  among  be- 
lievers in  Christ.  The  power  of  a  united 
Church  influences  the  departments  of  gov- 
ernment.   Congress  and  the  legislatures  of 


60    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

states  have  been  mightily  swayed  for  good 
through  Christian  sentiment  produced  by 
the  Church.  The  national  judiciary,  to- 
gether with  courts  in  our  Commonwealths, 
has  recognized  the  principles  of  Chris- 
tianity as  fundamental  in  the  enactment 
and  interpretation  of  law  as  a  self-preserv- 
ing force  in  our  country.  The  Executive 
Department  of  the  nation  and  of  the 
states,  actuated  by  Christian  motives, 
protects  the  weak  and  gives  assurance  of 
national  safety. 

Self-preservation  is  the  first  law  of  life. 
*'  He  that  provideth  not  for  his  own  has 
denied  the  faith  and  is  worse  than  an 
infidel."  This  Scripture  in  terms  of 
social  service  and  community  extension 
places  upon  American  Christians  respon- 
sibility for  home  missions,  and  interprets 
the  character  of  those  who  are  delin- 
quents. Instinct  and  memory  in  dumb 
animals  prevent  them  from  eating  poi- 
sonous herbs  or  frequenting  places  of 
danger.  They  have  not  reason  to  guide 
them  as  to  conquences  of  action  beyond 
what  their  natural  senses  reveal  and 
warn.     But    the    life  of  the  individual 


EEGIONAL  SUEVEY  61 

human  partakes  of  a  wider  range  of  at- 
tack and  more  subtle  approaches  of 
danger  to  life.  Groups  of  human  beings 
when  put  into  their  largest  aggregation, 
known  as  national  life,  are  subject  to  the 
same  law.  Our  forefathers  in  Revolution- 
ary times  declared  not  only  the  right  to 
establish  a  nation,  but  to  defend  it 
against  all  enemies  which  seek  to  sub- 
vert the  principles  for  which  the  nation 
stands,  or  destroy  it  by  assaults.  Self- 
preservation  of  the  United  States  is  its 
first  obligation.  To  let  free  government, 
religious  liberty  and  a  Protestant  nation 
perish  from  the  earth  is  to  be  unfaithful 
to  this  greatest  trust  bequeathed  to  us 
and  our  children.  That  law  has  been 
operative  against  every  enemy  engaging 
with  us  in  the  six  wars  of  American  his- 
tory. Our  patriotism  has  quickly  re- 
sponded to  every  appeal  for  protection 
against  armed  foes.  Our  military  history, 
because  of  such  ardent  patriotism,  is  glori- 
ous and  unparalleled. 

Our  nation  having  advanced  in  age 
and  power — social,  commercial,  political 
and    diplomatic — has  dangers  which  in 


62    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

their  approach  are  subtle  and  deadly. 
These  lurking  agencies  of  destruction 
seek,  as  parasites,  to  fasten  themselves 
upon  our  national  vitals  and  fatten  upon 
the  life  blood  of  our  Republic.  Memory 
of  struggles  other  peoples  have  had  in 
their  national  experiences  warns  the 
United  States  against  similar  conditions 
which  caused  them.  Tendencies,  dis- 
cernible in  our  times,  and  an  intelligent 
forecast  of  the  future,  based  upon  known 
principles,  bring  one  conclusion  :  that  the 
nation's  life  is  in  jeopardy. 

Home  missions  is  the  alignment  of 
Christian  forces  for  the  self-preservation 
of  our  country.  No  duty  is  so  sacred 
and  urgent  to  true  Americans.  No  gift 
so  far-reaching  as  that  to  American  mis- 
sions. No  need  in  cities,  rural  commu- 
nities, mining  and  lumber  camps,  among 
Orientals,  European  foreigners,  negroes 
and  Indians,  at  this  critical  period  of  our 
national  life,  is  so  great  elsewhere.  Mil- 
lions of  dollars  for  American  missions  is 
a  call  urgent  and  imperative. 


Ill 

Foreign  Factors  in  the  Equation  of 
American  Missions 


Free    immigration    is    the 
natural  right  of  man. 
— Hannibal  Hamlin. 


Ill 


FOREIGN  FACTOES  IN  THE  EQUATION 
OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

IMMIGRATION   furnishes  a  subject 
for  study  for  America's  sober  citizen. 
It  is  not  a  new  theme,  but  because 
of  the  variety  of  peoples  included,  it  is 
the  most  momentous  factor  in  the  life  of 
our  nation.     We  can  look  to  the  govern- 
ment   for    cultivation   of    the   physical, 
mental    and   even   moral   conditions  of 
aliens,  but  the  Church  must  Christian- 
ize them.     It  is  the  only  agent  to  bring 
the  claims  of  Christ  to  all  these  future 
citizens,  and  put  them  into  a  course  of  re- 
ligious training  that  has  life  and  purpose. 
The  immigrant  is  an  historic  character. 
Abraham   came  out   of  Ur   of  Chaldea. 
Jacob  went  down  into  the  land  of  the 
Pharaohs  with  a  household   of  seventy- 
three  persons,  and  returned  about  three 
millions     strong.     Aryans,    from     their 
haunts  in  Central  Asia,  wandered  north- 

65 


66    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

west,  and  following  in  the  direction  of 
wild  goats  settled  Greece,  and  became  the 
Greek  nation.  The  Holy  Family  warned 
in  a  dream,  migrated  to  Egypt,  and  that 
land,  unconscious  of  the  character  of 
its  newcomers,  gave  shelter  and  protec- 
tion till  our  Lord  went  in  safety  to  His 
new  home  in  Nazareth.  The  Apostle  to 
the  Gentiles  was  an  immigrant  sitting 
at  the  feet  of  Gamaliel,  afterwards  be- 
coming the  herald  of  salvation  to  Asia 
Minor  and  Southern  Europe.  Our  fore- 
fathers were  immigrants,  and  for  the  sake 
of  religious  liberty  chose  the  unexplored 
continent  of  America  as  the  field  in 
which  to  exercise  the  right  of  conscience. 
We,  therefore,  are  the  descendants  of  for- 
eigners. Pity  it  is  that  some  have  de- 
scended so  far,  for  many  are  not  as  good 
as  their  ancestors.  America  is  like  Egypt 
in  the  days  of  Joseph — "  All  countries 
came  to  Egypt  to  Joseph  for  to  buy 
grain."  America's  position  is  not  unlike 
that  of  the  Roman  Empire  when  invaded 
by  northern  barbarians.  Had  the  Church 
in  the  fourth  and  fifth  centuries  evangel- 
ized the  Goths  and  Vandals,  the  history 


FOEEIGN  FACTOES  67 

of  Christianity  and  the  conditions  of  the 
world  would  have  been  different.  The 
dark  ages  would  have  been  light.  Failure 
of  the  Church  to  rise  to  its  opportunity  re- 
tarded Christ's  conquest  a  thousand  years. 
In  the  fiscal  year  of  1910,  1,041,290 
immigrants  reached  America.  Each 
brought  an  average  of  $27  ;  or  a  total  of 
$28,114,290  was  added  by  them  to  our 
national  assets.  That  sum  is  equal  to 
the  whole  amount  our  government  ap- 
propriated for  battle-ships,  interest  on 
our  canal  debt,  and  maintenance  of  the 
weather  bureau  for  one  year.  When  these 
foreigners  become  wage  earners  they  send 
large  sums  to  their  home-land.  The 
bankers  and  postal  authorities  of  Cincin- 
nati reported  $1,000,000  sent  to  the  old 
world  by  foreigners  in  that  city  during 
the  holiday  season  of  1912.  The  Greeks 
there  have  the  highest  annual  per  capita 
remittance  of  $50  ;  the  Italians  come  next 
with  an  average  of  $30 ;  the  Hungarians 
rank  third  with  $28;  and  the  German 
lowest  with  $4.  The  average  per  capita 
remittance  for  that  year  from  all  nation- 
alities represented  equalled  $18. 


68    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

There  is  a  prevalent  sentiment  which 
deplores  the  fact  that  later  immigrants 
are  from  Southern  Europe,  rather  than  as 
of  former  years  from  the  northern  part 
of  that  continent.  There  may  be  a  lack 
of  rugged  stock,  resultant  from  such  a 
change  in  the  sources  of  our  aliens ;  but 
that  fact  does  not  relieve  either  our  Re- 
public or  the  Church  of  the  responsibility 
of  Americanizing  and  Christianizing 
them.  Their  ignorance  and  , impulsive- 
ness require  more  patience,  because  they 
have  the  natural  tendencies  and  preju- 
dices which  only  await  an  electric  spark 
to  destroy  our  free  institutions  and  to 
send  back  to  their  own  people  wrong  im- 
pressions of  freedom. 

From  whatever  country  the  foreigner 
comes  he  is  our  burden  bearer.  He 
builds  our  railroads,  digs  our  canals,  car- 
ries the  hod,  paves  our  streets,  works  our 
mines,  produces  the  fruits  and  vegetables 
for  our  cities,  shines  our  shoes,  and  is  "  a 
hewer  of  wood,  and  drawer  of  water  for- 
ever." Dangers  of  moral  degeneracy  and 
dependence  arise  from  forced  residence 
and   changed  occupation  of  aliens.     Dr. 


FOEEIGN  FAOTOES 


69 


Charles  Eliot  has  lately  remarked  that 
this  condition  and  tendency  is  accentu- 
ated in  the  cases  where  "  the  newcomers 
are  single  men  without  home  ties  or  their 
restraining  influences."  Multitudes  of 
people  who  come  here  are  pushed  into 
cities,  and  compelled  to  give  up  fresh  air 
and  open  fields  for  unsanitary  rooms. 
Their  life  becomes  sedentary  and  meagre 
wages  are  earned  through  long  hours  of 
sweat-shop  toil.  Habits  of  a  lifetime  and 
traditions  of  generations  are  suddenly 
broken  up,  to  the  physical  and  moral 
disadvantage  of  the  newcomer. 

Since  1820,  the  number  of  immigrants 
arriving  in  our  ports  is  27,894,293.^  In 
the  absence  of  reliable  statistics  it  is  esti- 
mated that  between  1776  and  1820,  250,- 
000  people  came  to  America.  Of  the 
total  the  following  nationalities  have  con- 
tributed : 


Great  Britain 28  per  cent. 

GermaDy 19 

Scandinavia 7 

Italy  (approximately)     .    .  11 

Austro-Hungary 11 

Eussia 9 

France 2 

Switzerland 1 

*  U.  S.  Bureau  of  Immigration. 


7,891,573 
5,418,066 
1,990,265 
3,276,311 
3,331,515 
2,549,921 
488,986 
240,859 


70    HORIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

Our  government,  through  rigid  exami- 
nations, sifts  would-be  residents  and  re- 
jects multitudes  of  undesirables,  compel- 
ling ship  companies  which  brought  them 
to  transport  them  without  cost  to  the 
countries  whence  they  came. 

The  following  foreigners  in  1910  were 
rejected : 


Because  of  mental  ailment 308 

Paupers  and  beggars 15,103 

Contagious  diseases 2,831 

Tuberculosis Ill 

Criminals 64 

Immorality 399 

Contract  labour 1,339 

Total 20,155 


The  percentage  of  foreign  born  living 
in  the  United  States  since  1860  has  va- 
ried only  from  13.2  to  14.7.  Since  1820 
Northern  Europe  has  furnished  the 
United  States  16,052,900  immigrants  and 
the  eastern  and  southern  portions  of 
Europe  have  sent  9,475,510.  The  south- 
ern stream,  however,  is  increasing  in  vol- 
ume, while  the  northern  is  diminishing. 
The  prediction  has  assurance  of  fulfill- 
ment that  in  a  few  years  a  greater  num- 
ber of  representatives  of  the  latter  will 


FOEEIGN  FACTORS  71 

be  in  the  United  States  than  of  the 
former. 

When  the  government  offered  home- 
steads for  settlement,  these  public  lands 
famished  an  incentive  to  peasants  and 
rural  people  of  all  countries,  but  since 
the  desirable  lands  have  been  preempted, 
other  classes  who  can  adapt  themselves  to 
mines  and  city  life  have  been  attracted 
here.  Farm  life  generally  requires  a  use 
of  the  English  language.  Our  domestic 
animals  do  not  understand  and  respond 
to  Chinese  or  Italian ;  but  day  labourers 
on  railroads,  in  mines,  and  unskilled 
workers  in  cities  do  not  require  a  knowl- 
edge of  the  English  language  to  obtain 
employment  of  a  permanent  or  semi- 
permanent nature.  To  assimilate  all 
aliens  of  whatever  class  or  language  they 
need  Americanization.  Newly-arrived 
foreigners  are  greatly  assisted  by  their 
following  the  examples  of  thousands  who 
have  preceded  them  to  this  country,  and 
have  adapted  themselves  to  its  manners, 
customs  and  language. 

Immigrants  who  voluntarily  returned 
to  their  own  country  in  1910  numbered 


72    HORIZON  OP  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

230,704,  or  about  one-fifth  of  the  total 
number  reaching  America  that  year.  Of 
these  9,376  returned  to  Germany,  72,640 
to  Italy,  27,053  to  Russia,  6,593  to  Tur- 
key, 2,762  to  China,  3,354  to  Japan.  In 
some  years  of  low  wages,  business  depres- 
sion or  panics,  nearly  one-half  as  many 
as  enter,  return.  Had  these  foreigners, 
who  associated  with  professing  Christians 
through  periods  of  years,  been  brought  to 
Christ  and  into  affiliation  with  His 
Church,  what  an  army  of  volunteer  for- 
eign missionaries  would  have  gone  forth  I 
Had  only  a  few  among  such  members 
been  made  exponents  of  the  teachings  of 
Christ,  what  speedy  advance  Christianity 
would  have  made  in  all  parts  of  the 
world  to  which  they  returned  !  Some  of 
them  were  Naomis  who  had  lost  husbands 
and  sons  here.  Some  were  accompanied 
by  Kuths  who  vowed  to  support  and  com- 
fort widows  and  die  with  them  in  their 
native  land.  But  had  they  found  the 
Descendant  of  Ruth,  who  is  the  Light 
and  Life  of  the  world,  many  people  sit- 
ting in  the  valley  and  shadow  of  death 
would   have    seen    a    great    light.    "  In 


o 

H 
N 

< 


O 

IT) 

M 
U 

o 

'4. 


FOBEIGN  FACTOES  73 

1908,  at  a  recent  missionary  meeting  in 
Canton,  where  there  were  fifty  Chinamen 
who  were  engaged  in  Christian  work  as 
native  preachers  in  their  own  land,  it 
transpired  that  twenty-five  out  of  the 
fifty  had  been  converted  during  their 
stay  in  America.  Who  can  question  that 
God  had  brought  the  Asiatics  here  that 
they  might  seek  after  and  find  God.'*  ^ 
Not  less  money  or  fewer  men  for  foreign 
mission  fields,  but  more  of  both  for 
America  as  the  speediest  and  most  effect- 
ive way  to  Christianize  all  peoples  of  the 
earth.  One  illustration  of  the  reception 
accorded  a  Chinese  Christian  on  a  return 
to  his  native  country  is  here  submitted. 
Ng  Poon  Chew,  editor  of  the  Chinese 
daily  paper  of  San  Francisco,  visited  re- 
cently his  native  village  and  explained 
Christianity  to  the  people.  He  went 
into  the  temple  of  the  idol  which  his 
grandfather  taught  him  to  worship  and 
before  which  he  had  poured  libations  and 
made  offerings.  He  told  the  idolaters  of 
the  true  God  and  Jesus  Christ,  His  Son. 
All  the  people  heard  his  message  gladly 

*  Bishop  Hendrix,  Methodist  Qiuirterly,  July,  1908. 


74    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

and  in  two  days  the  seven  hundred 
families  composing  that  community  des- 
troyed their  idols. 

In  our  country  foreigners  are  a  com- 
mercial asset  and  many  of  them  have 
found  America  a  place  where  only  an 
opportunity  to  work  is  offered  with  a 
slight  increase  of  their  wages  over  that 
which  they  have  been  accustomed  to  re- 
ceive. Foreigners  dig  one-seventh  of  our 
bituminous  coal,  contribute  nine- tenths 
of  all  the  labour  in  cotton  mills,  manu- 
facture more  than  one-half  the  shoes, 
collars,  cuffs,  shirts,  gloves,  tobacco  and 
cigars,  make  four-fifths  of  the  leather  and 
furniture.  They  perform  eighty-five  per 
cent,  of  the  labour  in  meat-packing  and 
slaughter-house  industries.  They  build 
seventy-eight  per  cent,  of  our  railroads 
and  perform  seventy-six  per  cent,  of  all 
the  work  in  the  woolen  mills.^ 

On  the  Pacific  Coast  there  are  five 
races  of  Orientals — Chinese,  Japanese, 
Koreans,  Hindus  and  Filipinos.  Twelve 
years  ago  there  were  about  67,000  Chi- 
nese and  23,000  Japanese  in  the  coast  and 

*  statistics  of  Labour,  1912. 


FOEEIGN  FACTOES  76 

mountain  states.  The  number  of  Japa- 
nese increased  rapidly  until  1908,  and 
has  since  decreased  considerably.  Of  the 
Chinese,  41,000  live  in  California  and 
over  16,000  in  the  state  of  Washington. 
The  Hindus  did  not  begin  to  arrive  in 
our  country  until  the  latter  part  of  1909. 
They  are  found  in  the  territory  extend- 
ing from  Vancouver  to  San  Diego  and 
are  employed  on  large  ranches,  in  stone 
quarries,  in  cement  plants,  and  on  rail- 
roads. They  are  increasing  in  the  Im- 
perial Valley.  Over  4,000  of  these  Hin- 
dus are  from  the  Punjab,  and  many  of 
them  are  graduated  from  universities  of 
India.  Some  of  them  have  considerable 
wealth,  and  all  seem  willing  to  hear  the 
teachings  of  the  Bible  in  their  own  lan- 
guage. The  American  Bible  Society  has 
distributed  part  of  the  New  Testament  in 
the  Hindee  language  to  reach  those  re- 
sponsive, intelligent,  friendless  sojourners 
in  our  home-land.  Among  the  Chinese 
in  twenty-six  cities  and  towns  in  Cali- 
fornia there  are  fifty-eight  missions  carried 
by  ten  religious  organizations.^ 

*  Report  Neglected  Field  Survey. 


76    HORIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

The  Census  further  shows  twenty-seven 
counties  in  California  each  having  more 
than  one  hundred  Chinese  residents, 
with  a  total  Chinese  population  of  7,500 
among  whom  there  is  no  religious  work. 
There  are  sixteen  counties  each  hav- 
ing one  hundred  or  more  Japanese,  with 
a  total  of  6,000  where  no  Christian  work 
has  been  undertaken.  It  must  be  re- 
membered that  of  all  immigrants,  includ- 
ing the  Orientals,  the  ones  who  migrate 
to  new  countries  are  the  best  of  their 
class,  though  not  necessarily  the  best  of 
their  race.  *'  Fools  and  fogies  never 
emigrate,"  is  a  well-known  adage.  The 
Chinese  and  Japanese  in  America,  there- 
fore, are  the  best  of  their  type — a  state- 
ment generally  true  of  all  foreigners  in 
the  United  States.  The  lesson  is  appar- 
ent— the  responsibility  is  overwhelming. 
Make  these  Christian,  and  their  lead- 
ership is  assured  whether  exercised  among 
their  countrymen  in  their  native  land, 
or  under  the  stars  and  stripes.  Eastern 
Asia  has  150,000  representatives  in  the 
United  States,  of  whom  100,000  will 
eventually    return.      They   furnish    our 


FOEEIGN  FACTOES  77 

opportunity  to  send  them  back  at  their 
own  expense  as  Christian  missionaries. 

The  Church  is  called  upon  in  relation 
to   aliens,   to   ameliorate   the  conditions 
under  which  they  are  forced  to  live  upon 
arrival  in  our  country.     Our  immigrants 
from    Southern   Europe  were   born   and 
reared,  for  the  most  part,  in  rural  com- 
munities.    When  they  land  the  lack  of 
means  to  take  them  far  into  the  interior 
and  to  equip  them  with  tools,  machinery, 
and  domestic  animals  compels  them  to 
reside  in  cheap  residential  or  slum  parts 
of    our    cities.     Their   surroundings   are 
wholly  unnatural.    They  become  discour- 
aged, and,  deprived  of  wholesome  food  and 
fresh    air,    fall   into   decline   of    health. 
Families      experience      new    conditions 
which  tend  to  destroy  their  peace,  wreck 
parental  authority  and  give  children  over 
to  wide-spread  degeneracy.     Through  the 
agencies   of    schools,    settlement   houses, 
public  playgrounds  and  gymnasiums,  chil- 
dren of  aliens  are  Americanized,  while 
their  parents  remain  foreign.     These  in- 
stitutions   minister    to    the    young,   for 
which  they  are  adapted,  and  the  old  are 


78    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

neglected.  This  results  in  the  estrange- 
ment of  children  and  loss  of  home  influ- 
ence and  training.  Most  fathers  and 
mothers  are  beyond  the  age  when  they 
are  capable  of  being  Americanized  read- 
ily. They  cannot  get  rid  of  their  Euro- 
pean or  Asiatic  views,  tastes  and  ideas 
any  more  than  they  can  free  themselves 
of  their  old  world  brogue  or  accent. 
Social  settlements  can  do  something  for 
aliens.  They  have  a  duty  to  perform 
not  alone  toward  them,  but  for  our 
country.  That  duty  is  to  help  prepare 
them  to  fit  into  American  conditions  and 
make  reliable  citizens  for  patriotic  reasons 
as  much  as  their  own  well-being. 

The  Church  makes  a  mistake  in  its 
attempt  to  do  missionary  work  among 
these  strangers  by  building  small,  unat- 
tractive mission  houses  or  renting  build- 
ings for  missionary  purposes,  on  side 
streets  and  alleys.  It  must  be  remem- 
bered that,  however  poor,  foreigners 
from  Europe  are  accustomed  to  great 
cathedrals  constructed  of  massive  stone, 
and  all  in  keeping  with  styles  of  archi- 
tecture that  inspire  reverence  and  feelings 


FOEEIGN  FACTOES  79 

of  the  sublime.  They  cannot  readily 
change  their  conceptions  of  a  church  to 
that  of  a  poorly  equipped  mission  room. 

The  concern  America  feels  for  the  wel- 
fare of  newcomers  should  be  that  of  a 
patriotic  citizen's  feelings  for  the  future 
of  his  country,  of  his  family,  and  of  his 
own  self-preservation.  Some  one  para- 
phrases the  teachings  of  John  the  Apostle 
— "  If  a  Christian  love  not  the  aliens  in 
our  own  country,  whom  he  hath  seen, 
how  can  he  love  their  tribesmen  in  for- 
eign lands,  whom  he  hath  not  seen  ?  '^ 
John  R.  Mott  said — ''  The  method  pur- 
sued by  American  people  toward  aliens 
should  not  be  segregation,  amalgamation, 
domination,  education,  but  Christiani- 
zation." 

We  need  the  Chinese,  with  his  quiet, 
unexcitable  respect  for  peace.  We  have 
a  place  for  the  Japanese  with  his  confi- 
dence and  alertness.  We  have  need  of 
the  Italian,  with  his  love  of  music  and 
fine  art ;  the  Greek,  with  his  industry 
and  history  ;  the  Hebrew,  with  his  re- 
markable racial  characteristics  and  vital- 
ity ;  the  German,  with  his  solid  ideas  of 


80    HOKIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

nationalism ;  the  Englishman,  with  his 
intelligent  respect  for  law  and  order  ;  the 
Scotchman,  with  his  intellectuality  and 
love  of  freedom ;  the  Dutchman,  with 
his  plodding  persistence,  and  the  French- 
man, with  his  suavity  and  social  courtesy. 
All  these  and  others  make  contributions 
to  the  cosmopolitan  completeness  of  our 
polyglot  nation.  We  need  to  graft  upon 
their  characteristic  foreign  stock — Chris- 
tian Americanism. 

According  to  the  census  of  1910,  of  the 
population  of  forty-two  cities,  having 
more  than  100,000  people  each,  or  a 
grand  total  of  18,751,405,  or  twenty  per 
cent,  of  the  population  of  the  United 
States, — two  out  of  every  three  of  the  in- 
habitants are  descendants  of  foreign  born 
parents.  The  Industrial  Department  of 
the  International  Committee  of  the 
Young  Men's  Association  has  tabulated 
the  following  report  :  ''  In  the  s^.ums  of 
Baltimore  seventy-seven  per  cent,  are 
foreign  born  or  their  descendants ;  in 
Chicago  ninety  per  cent.  ;  in  Philadelphia 
ninety-one  per  cent. ;  and  in  New  York 
ninety-five  per  cent.     Of  every  one  hun- 


FOREIGN  FACTOES  81 

dred  aliens  in  the  above  forty,  forty-seven, 
fifty-one  and  fifty-nine  respectively  are 
illiterate.  More  than  seven  million  peoples 
of  Slavic,  Latin  and  Asiatic  blood  dwell 
in  crowded  industrial  centres.  They  come 
from  lands  where  democracy  is  unknown, 
universal  franchise  unheard  of  and  the 
government  is  synonymous  with  war, 
musket,  prison  and  banishment."  Can 
these  people  appreciate  Lincoln's  idea  of 
government — "  Of  the  people,  for  the 
people,  and  by  the  people  "  ?  Will  they 
keep  it  so  that  it  shall  not  perish  from 
the  earth  ? 

Israel  Zangwill,  the  brilliant  Jewish 
dramatist,  wrote  a  play  dealing  with  the 
future  of  America,  introducing  the  figure 
of  a  melting  pot.  But  though  widely 
used,  after  a  fashion,  it  appears  singu- 
larly inapt.  Life  will  not  yield  to  melt- 
ing processes,  and  it  perishes  in  the 
crucible.  Cross-pollination  rather  is  the 
symbol  for  propagation  and  improvement 
of  the  races  from  which  the  typical 
American  is  to  result.  From  the  horti- 
culturist and  his  laboratory  of  improved 
cereals  and  fruits,  rather  than  from  the 


82    HORIZON  OP  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

chemist  with  his  melting  pot  and  retort 
comes  the  figure  of  the  formation  of  our 
citizens  to  be.  Sane  eugenics  will  be- 
come a  recognized  factor  in  the  produc- 
tion of  future  Americans.  The  inter- 
marriage of  Scotch  and  Dutch  gives  to 
the  world  an  offspring  with  determina- 
tion, sturdiness,  intellectual  acumen,  and 
love  of  liberty.  The  union  of  Irish  and 
German  produces  a  descendant  with  a 
rugged  body,  ready  wit,  and  an  enthusi- 
astic patriotism  ;  and  so  on  ad  infinitum. 
By  bringing  together  in  a  free  country, 
where  there  is  no  barrier  to  the  establish- 
ment of  marital  relations,  representatives 
of  all  nationalities, — the  future  citizen 
will  partake  of  the  best  qualities  and 
prized  peculiarities  of  both  parents.  Be- 
fore the  writer  in  mind  stand  two  chil- 
dren— a  brother  and  a  sister  in  whose 
veins  flows  the  pure  blood  of  four  nation- 
alities. Their  father  is  an  offspring  of 
Scotch  and  Holland  ancestry ;  their 
mother,  the  child  of  English  and  Irish 
parentage.  Four  streams  of  national 
traits  and  blood  meet  in  these  children. 
Such  intermingling  of  races  within  the 


FOEEIGN  FACTOES  83 

progeny  is  a  redeeming  feature  in  the 
foreign  question.  Nature  hints  to  farm- 
ers in  her  improvement  of  the  wheat 
plant  by  normal  self-fertilization  and 
cross-pollination.  By  such  means  har- 
dier plants  yield  better  results.  The 
typical  American  will  be  the  offspring 
of  adaptable  races. 

In  communities  where  aliens  are  segre- 
gated the  process  of  Americanization  is 
hindered,  if  not  entirely  prevented.  But 
where  association  and  intermingling  are 
free  the  English  language  becomes  a 
common  speech  of  all,  barriers  are 
broken  down  and  old-world  manners 
and  customs  are  discarded  for  American 
ways.  We  are  having  burdens  of  immi- 
gration,— the  result  of  neglecting  religion. 
The  Gospel  is  the  solvent  which  will 
blend  into  oneness  of  sympathy  and 
fellowship  all  races  of  men.  We  need 
the  Kingdom  of  God  descending  among 
men,  and  entered  by  myriads  of  foreign- 
ers to  see  it  in  finished  reality. 

Hundreds  of  foreign  students  are  in 
our  colleges  and  universities.  One  thou- 
sand foreign  students  are  studying  in  the 


84    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

universities  of  Scotland.  That  fact  should 
compel  America,  Scotland,  and  other 
Christian  countries  to  clear  out  the 
slums  of  their  cities,  to  prevent  im- 
pressions of  Christianity  from  being 
made  upon  these  leaders  preparing  for 
service  in  their  own  countries.  Social 
service  among  aliens  is  imperative.  We 
cannot  complain  of  strikes  and  violence 
if  we  allow  social  and  industrial  inequal- 
ity to  continue.  Confidence  in  our  sta- 
bility as  a  nation  will  have  to  be  built 
upon  substantial  work  in  righteousness 
among  all  citizens.  If  this  is  done  we 
shall  not  need  to  prepare  for  national 
humiliation  and  overthrow. 


IV 

Cities  Related  to  the  Kingdom  of  God 

THE  CITIES 

The  Cities  are  full  of  tide, 
Challenging  each  to  each — 
This  from  her  mountainside. 
That  from  her  burthened  beach. 

They  count  their  ships  full  tale — 

Their  corn  and  oil  and  wine. 

Derrick  and  loom  and  bale, 

And  rampart's  gun-flecked  line  ; 

City  by  City  they  hail ; 

"  Hast  aught  to  match  with  mine  ?  " 

And  the  men  that  breed  from  them 
They  traffic  up  and  down, 
But  cling  to  their  cities'  hem 
As  a  child  to  the  mother's  gown. 

When  they  talk  with  the  stranger  bands, 

Dazed  and  newly  alone  ; 

When  they  walk  in  the  stranger  lands. 

By  roaring  streets  unknown  ; 

Blessing  her  where  she  stands 

For  strength  above  their  own. 

(On  high  to  hold  her  fame 
That  stands  all  fame  beyond. 
By  oath  to  back  the  same. 
Most  faithful-foolish-fond; 
Making  her  mere- breathed  name 
Their  bond  upon  their  bond.) 

— RuDYARD  Kipling. 


IV 


CITIES  BELATED  TO  THE  KINGDOM 
OF  GOD 

ECORDS  of  the  human  race  begin 
with  man  in  a  garden.  They  are 
to  end  with  him  in  a  city.  Be- 
tween Eden  and  the  New  Jerusalem  lies 
the  course  along  which  humanity  must 
pass.  The  function  of  missionary  organi- 
zations is  to  head  the  race  toward  the 
City  of  God.  Jesus  of  Nazareth  talked 
of  cities  as  responsible  corporate  person- 
alities. He  looked  upon  them  as  possess- 
ing free  will  to  choose  a  course  of  right- 
eousness or  iniquity.  He  ascribed  to  them 
intelligence  enough  to  foresee  calamity 
if  wickedness  dominated  them,  and  to 
understand  warnings.  He  accorded  to 
them  heart  and  conscience  to  which  ap- 
peals of  the  Almighty  were  made  to 
bring  them  to  repentance.  He  cried  : 
"  Woe  unto  thee,  Chorazin  !  Woe  unto 
thee,  Bethsaida  !  Woe  unto  thee,  Caper- 
naum !    for  if  the  mighty  works  which 

87 


SS    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

were  done  in  you  had  been  done  in  Tyre 
and  Sidon,  they  would  have  remained 
until  this  day.''  Weeping  over  Jeru- 
salem, He  exclaimed,  *'  Oh,  Jerusalem, 
Jerusalem,  thou  that  killest  the  prophets, 
and  stonest  them  which  are  sent  unto 
thee,  how  often  would  I  have  gathered 
thy  children  together,  even  as  a  hen 
gathereth  her  chickens  under  her  wings, 
and  ye  would  not  I  Behold  your  house 
is  left  unto  you  desolate."  Individual 
inhabitants  were  not  exempt  from  the 
consequences  of  personal  character,  and 
were  held  in  the  larger  unit  of  responsi- 
bility which  included  the  whole  city. 
Its  weal  or  woe  depended  upon  its  atti- 
tude toward  right  or  wrong.  A  city  has 
character  and  makes  for  itself  a  reputa- 
tion which,  good  or  bad,  clings  like  a 
leech.  The  inquiry — ''  Can  any  good 
thing  come  out  of  Nazareth  ? "  was 
based  upon  its  notoriety. 

A  city  has  life,  which  seems  to  breathe 
once  each  day.  From  the  outer  parts  of 
great  municipalities  each  morning  come 
artisans,  merchants,  skilled  and  un- 
skilled labourers,  professional  men,  shop 


CITIES  RELATED  TO  THE  KINGDOM    89 

attendants  and  servants  of  civic  industries. 
They  come  on  early  trains,  trolleys, 
autos,  motorcycles,  bicycles,  boats,  and 
all  kinds  of  vehicles  and  methods  of 
transportation.  They  come  from  the 
freshness  of  a  night's  rest,  buoyed  by 
hope  of  acceptable  service  and  successful 
effort  in  a  new  day.  All  of  these  gather 
into  centres  of  activity  and  into  the  con- 
gested parts  of  a  great  metropolis — the 
city  is  inhaling. 

The  same  people  in  the  evening  leave 
factories,  shops,  offices  and  all  places  of 
activity  and  return  to  their  homes,  board- 
ing-houses and  places  of  retreat.  They 
hurry  to  catch  trains,  boats,  and  means 
of  conveyance  used  in  the  morning. 
Weariness  is  written  upon  the  faces  of 
all.  Some  bear  the  flush  of  success, 
others  of  defeat.  Most  of  them  have 
stood  in  faithful  service  all  day.  Now 
released  from  obligation,  they  hurry  to 
take  advantage  of  refreshments  and  rest 
— the  city  is  exhaling.  No  tide  of  sea  is 
more  regular  in  its  ebb  and  flow,  because 
affected  by  moon  and  sun,  than  the  daily 
attractions  of  business.    The  city  breathes. 


90    HOEIZOX  OF  AMEEICAK  MISSIONS 

Parallelism  between  a  corporate  mu- 
nicipality and  physical  life  of  men  is 
further  traceable.  The  city  has  a  vascular 
system  and  like  the  diastole  and  systole 
of  heart  action,  its  pure  blood  is  drawn 
daily  into  ventricles  and  auricles  of  busi- 
ness and  expelled  to  the  extreme  parts 
through  its  industrial  avenues.  It  has  a 
nervous  system  of  telephone  and  telegraph 
wires  and  cables  by  which  sensations  are 
transmitted  from  all  its  suburbs  to  the 
brain  of  its  centre.  Cities  scattered  over 
the  continent  are  like  nerve  centres, 
ganglia  of  the  national  life.  One  of  these 
may  lay  claim  to  being  the  intellect  of 
the  Republic,  but  others  reinforce  the 
nation's  life.  If  brain  storms  are  common 
to  individuals,  no  surprise  should  be  felt 
when  cities  are  called  ''  storm  centres  of 
the  nation." 

A  tendency  of  our  times  is  the  migra- 
tion of  population  from  the  country  to 
towns  and  cities.  Such  migratory  move- 
ment is  not  confined  to  America.  The 
census  of  the  world  shows  an  increase  in 
the  population  of  all  great  cities.  Cal- 
cutta, Bombay,  Pekin,  Shanghai,  Tokio, 


CITIES  RELATED  TO  THE  KIIs^GDOM    91 

Yokohama,  St.  Petersburg,  Berlin,  Paris, 
London,  New  York,  Chicago,  New  Or- 
leans, San  Francisco,  and  even  Jerusalem 
made  decided  increase  in  population  in 
the  last  decade.  The  United  States  census 
gives  an  increase  of  inhabitants  in  New 
York  City  from  3,437,202  in  1900  to 
4,766,883  in  1910.  Minute  calculation, 
based  upon  the  present  size  and  growth 
of  that  metropolis,  shows  that  on  an 
average  throughout  the  year  an  im- 
migrant arrives  every  forty-two  seconds  ; 
every  five  minutes  there  is  a  birth ;  every 
six  minutes  a  death  ;  every  thirteen  a 
marriage ;  every  hour  a  fatal  accident ; 
every  eight  hours  a  divorce ;  every  ten 
hours  a  suicide.  The  growth  of  San  Fran- 
cisco is  not  less  interesting  and  spec- 
tacular. Its  first  substantial  building, 
erected  in  1836,  is  still  standing.  Around 
it,  in  the  seventy-seven  years  which  have 
intervened  since  its  erection,  has  ex- 
panded on  the  peninsula  a  cit}^,  once 
destroyed  and  phoenix-like  restored,  with 
a  population  of  416,580,  and  sixty-five 
nationalities  represented  among  its  people. 
Their  jargon   of  dialects  and   languages 


92    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSI0:N^S 

equals  ancient  Babel.  The  north  central 
part  of  our  country  furnishes  an  unpar- 
allelled  history  of  a  city's  growth.  The 
first  white  child  born  in  Chicago  died  in 
1907.  He  saw  in  his  lifetime  a  village 
of  a  hundred  inhabitants  grow  to  a  city 
of  over  two  million.  The  city  which 
showed  the  greatest  increase  of  population 
in  ten  years,  according  to  the  last  federal 
census,  is  Birmingham,  Ala.,  245  per  cent. 
The  first  authentic  statistics  pertaining 
to  urban  residents  in  the  United  States 
were  gathered  in  1780,  three  years  before 
the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  War.  The 
term  "  city ''  was  not  well  defined,  and  a 
liberal  interpretation  must  be  given  to  its 
use  in  the  colonial  period  and  the  first 
years  of  our  Republic.  At  the  time  of 
the  first  census,  one-thirtieth  of  the 
colonists  lived  in  towns  and  cities.  Seven 
years  after  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  which 
gave  us  national  liberty,  the  census  of 
1790  enumerated  one-twentieth  of  the  peo- 
ple in  our  urban  population.  The  nine- 
teenth century  opened  with  one-fifteenth 
in  cities  ;  in  1820  one-twelfth  ;  in  1840 
one-eighth  ;  in  1860  one-sixth  ;  in   1880 


CITIES  BELATED  TO  THE  KINGDOM    93 

one-fourth  ;  in  1900  one-third  ;  and  1910 
almost  one-half  of  the  people  live  in  cities. 
There  are  299  cities  in  the  United  States 
having  a  population  of  25,000  or  over. 
Three  cities,  namely — New  York,  Phila- 
delphia and  Chicago,  each  have  more  than 
a  million  inhabitants  ;  Boston,  Baltimore, 
Pittsburgh,  Cleveland  and  St.  Louis  have 
passed  the  half  million  mark.  .  Since 
1895,  the  number  of  cities  having  10,000 
or  more  inhabitants  has  increased  from 
357  to  603  and  their  aggregate  population 
has  grown  from  17,512,806  to  34,816,509, 
almost  100  per  cent.  They  are  related  to 
the  political,  industrial  and  moral  life  of 
a  nation  in  the  most  vital  way,  determin- 
ing, in  large  measure,  the  standards  of  a 
nation's  life  and  shaping  the  destiny  of 
governments.  Their  ideals  sooner  or 
later  come  to  dominate  the  land  support- 
ing them. 

Facts  entering  into  the  problem  of 
human  life  show  progress  from  the  simple 
to  the  intricate  and  complex,  as  countries 
grow  older  and  the  number  of  inhabitants 
are  forced  to  reside  in  closer  relations  to 
each  other.     In  sparsely  settled  regions 


94    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSI0:N^S 

differences  of  occupations,  social  standing, 
education,  attainment  and  the  holding  of 
property  interests  are  reckoned  as  barriers 
to  separate  the  people.  Rural  communi- 
ties enjoy  simple  fellowship  and  neigh- 
bourhood sociability.  As  the  people  drift 
into  towns  and  cities,  individuals  of  like  oc- 
cupations segregate  themselves  to  promote 
their  interests  and  secure  self-improve- 
ment. Musicians  discover  each  other, 
and  form  a  choral  band  or  musical  guild. 
Artists  of  like  tastes  and  ideals  organize 
an  art  club.  Professional  men  form  as- 
sociations ;  merchants  support  chambers 
of  commerce,  and  artisans  ''join  the 
union." 

In  the  open  country  plants  growing 
with  adequate  space  between  them  ap- 
propriate sunshine,  showers  and  soil  in 
the  development  of  hardiness,  beauty  and 
symmetry.  When  these  are  crowded 
together,  weaker  parts  and  less  favoured 
plants  are  deprived  of  sunlight  and  suffi- 
cient nourishment.  Cells  are  forced  into 
unnatural  shapes  and  decay,  which  affects 
the  fruit  of  a  whole  family,  begins. 
Similar  effects  on  human  life  are  observ- 


CITIES  RELATED  TO  THE  KINGDOM    95 

able.  Freedom  of  the  open  country 
develops  symmetrically,  ph^^sical,  intel- 
lectual and  spiritual  life,  but  when 
human  beings  are  crowded  into  congested 
centres  of  cities,  unnatural  relationships 
are  forced,  which  shut  out  the  influences 
of  symmetrical  growth,  and  moral,  physical 
and  intellectual  degeneracy  follows.  The 
generations  of  families  in  great  cities  are 
shortened.  The  law  of  God,  which  '*  visits 
the  iniquity  of  the  fathers  upon  the  chil- 
dren to  the  third  and  fourth  generation 
of  them  that  hate  Him,"  finds  exemplifi- 
cation through  the  tendency  of  city  life. 
Few  families,  born  and  reared  m  great 
municipalities,  extend  beyond  the  fourth 
generation.  Dissipation,  vice  and  disease 
destroy  them.  There  is  no  fifth  and  sixth 
generation  to  those  who  turn  away  from 
God. 

American  missions  had  to  deal  with  no 
distinct  religious  conditions  produced  by 
city  life  in  the  early  days  of  our  Republic. 
Only  since  1870  have  the  cities  become 
complex  and  often  indeterminate  factors 
in  the  equation  of  home  missions.  A  ma- 
jority of  the  people  in  fifteen  states  of  the 


96    HOEIZON  OP  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

Union  reside  in  cities.  About  5,500,000 
of  the  inhabitants  of  New  England  belong 
to  the  urban  population  where  only  one- 
fifth  as  many  live  in  the  country.  On 
the  Pacific  Coast,  where  nearly  2,400,000 
dwell  in  cities,  about  1,800,000  reside 
in  rural  communities.  In  a  group  of 
the  southeastern  states,  where  5,600,000 
people  live  in  the  open  country,  17,700,000 
dwell  in  cities.  Such  conditions  make 
difficult  the  work  of  the  Church  of  Christ 
in  its  endeavour  to  give  the  Gospel  to  all 
classes.  The  groups  of  people  drawn 
together  by  kindred  tastes  and  interests 
must  be  reached  and  helped  through 
Christian  instruction  and  religious  uplift. 
Such  missionary  work  requires  the  skill 
of  an  expert  furnished  with  well-equipped 
institutions,  philanthropic,  charitable  and 
eleemosynary,  with  the  Church  as  the 
inspiring  agent  of  them  all. 

Thirty-seven  of  the  leading  cities  of  the 
United  States,  according  to  the  census  of 
1910,  divided  in  population  according  to 
the  attitude  of  the  people  toward  Chris- 
tianity, reveal  alarming  conditions. 
Washington,   the  capital  of  our  country, 


CITIES  BELATED  TO  THE  KINGDOM    97 

has  on  an  average,  among  its  one  hundred 
inhabitants,  thirty  Protestants,  twelve 
Roman  Catholics,  two  Hebrews,  and  fifty- 
six  non-affiliated  or  non-Christians.  San 
Francisco,  subjected  to  the  same  grouping, 
has  eight  Protestants,  thirty  Roman 
Catholics,  four  Hebrews,  and  fifty-eight 
non-affiliated  Christians.  Between  these 
two  cities  the  other  thirty-five  find  their 
rank.  Taken  as  a  whole,  the  people  of 
the  cities  are  about  equally  divided  be- 
tween Protestants  and  Roman  Catholics, 
so  far  as  church  affiliation  is  concerned, 
but  the  sum  of  both  is  exceeded  by 
the  non-affiliated  or  irreligious  element. 
Where  majorities  rule,  what  must  be  the 
sovereignty  of  such  cities?  What  must 
be  the  faith  of  the  country  joined  in- 
separably to  such  cities  ?  When  Babylon 
fell.  Babylonia  ceased  to  be.  When  Nine- 
veh was  overthrown,  Assyria  lost  its 
power.  When  Jerusalem  was  taken,  the 
Jewish  nation  forfeited  its  inheritance. 
Can  America  escape  the  fate  of  an  irrelig- 
ious city  population  ? 

The  Gospel  of  the  Son  of  God  is  the 
only   saving   agent  for   all   people.      Its 


98    HORIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

power  unto  salvation  is  equal  to  the  task 
of  redeeming  American  cities.  Our  mu- 
nicipalities are  as  susceptible  to  the  Gos- 
pel as  Smyrna,  Ephesus,  Athens,  Corinth, 
and  Rome  in  the  days  of  the  apostles. 
Modern  conditions  under  the  pressure  of 
political,  social,  and  economic  methods 
compel  a  change  in  the  manner  of  ap- 
proach to  the  people,  and  complicate  the 
tremendous  task  of  their  Christianization. 
Into  business  and  tenantry  centres  the 
Gospel  must  thrust  its  influence  through 
the  agencies  of  the  ''  down- town  "  institu- 
tional church,  rescue  missions,  settlement 
houses,  and  church  extension  meetings  in 
shops,  factories  and  community  assem- 
blies. Suburban  dwellers  may  be  more 
easily  reached  by  churches  equipped  as 
spiritual  workshops.  From  the  pulpits 
of  city  churches  must  be  given  a  virile, 
practical  Gospel  to  save  men  and  trans- 
form their  surroundings  into  civic  right- 
eousness. Justice,  mercy,  love  and  hum- 
ble walking  with  God  must  be  dominant 
notes.  To  meet  the  unmet  religious  needs 
of  the  city,  men  of  adaptability,  who  are 
trained  for  such  a  ministry,  ought  to  be 


CITIES  RELATED  TO  THE  KINGDOM    99 

liberally  supported  in  their  labours.  Their 
leadership  in  the  fight  against  wicked- 
ness in  high  places,  against  the  rulers  of 
the  darkness  of  this  world,  should  have 
the  endorsement  and  support  of  Christian 
men  of  means.  Dens  of  iniquity  must  be 
closed.  Snares  of  vice  that  entrap  the 
feet  of  the  unwary  must  be  broken  and 
social  evils  put  under  ban.  These  all  wit- 
ness against  Christ  before  the  unsaved  of 
our  country  and  the  non-Christian  world. 
The  Church  is  the  one  agent  ordained 
of  God  to  make  a  modern  municipality  a 
city  of  God.  It  is  challenged  as  the  Cru- 
sader to  bring  protection  to  the  weak  and 
deliverance  to  its  captives.  The  apostle 
Paul  declared — "  I  am  a  citizen  of  no 
mean  city."  Every  man  residing  in  a 
city  likes  to  say  the  same.  He  tells  with 
pride  of  the  city's  location,  its  drainage 
system,  its  abundance  of  pure  water,  its 
good  pavements  and  parks,  its  railroad  and 
public  utilities,  its  freedom  from  the  rule 
of  grafters.  These  are  counted  the  best 
qualities  of  a  wholesome  city.  But  a 
righteous  man  places  in  his  invoice  of  de- 
sirable assets  the  Church  and  its  activity 


100    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

in  the  cause  of  truth,  its  schools,  and  all 
institutions  inspired  by  Christianity  to 
render  service  to  its  citizens.  The  kind 
of  men  who  control  a  city's  affairs  counts 
more  than  material  advantages  and  re- 
sources which  may  be  tabulated. 

Jesus  said — "  I  must  preach  the  Gospel 
to  other  cities  also,  for  therefore  was  I 
sent."  ^  The  Gospel  is  leaven  and  must 
be  placed  in  the  great  corporate  bodies  of 
human  aggregations.  Jesus'  appeal,  by 
example,  was  from  His  conscience  and 
heart.  His  compassionate  outreach  of 
love  was  the  expression  of  conscience,  '^  I 
must,"  and  the  3^earning  of  heart  to  har- 
vest ripened  souls  was,  *'  Therefore  came 
I  forth."  ^  The  consummation  of  His 
purpose  under  His  divine  plan  would  be 
reached  by  giving  the  Gospel  to  all  cities 
of  the  world.  His  program  directed  that 
His  conquest  of  the  world  should  begin  at 
Jerusalem  and  be  completed  with  the  New 
Jerusalem  coming  down  from  God  out  of 
heaven.  He  calls  His  Church  to-day  to 
the  fulfillment  of  this  program  by  redeem- 
ing our  cities. 

^  Luke  iv.  43.  '  Mark  i.  38. 


CITIES  BELATED  TO  THE  KINGDOM    101 

Could  Jesus  walk  the  streets  of  New 
York  and  talk  to  men  as  He  did  in  the 
cities  of  Galilee,  His  words  would  burn 
in  the  hearts  of  His  hearers.  He  would 
say — ''This  city  is  a  catch-basin  of  float- 
ing corruption.  Its  open  dens  of  iniquity 
shame  the  pure  face  of  an  arching  sky. 
Its  secret  sins,  midnight  revels,  morn- 
ing drunkenness  and  evening  lust  pre- 
pare it  for  the  doom  of  Sodom,  at  night, 
in  the  dawn,  or  gloaming.  This  great 
American  metropolis  is  like  unto  other 
cities.  In  it  thousands  reject  Me.  Its 
cellars  and  garrets  are  crowded  with  men 
who  cruelly  treat  women  and  children 
without  protectors.  Its  faith  is  in  riches 
which  take  wings  and  fly  away.  Its 
freight  houses  and  cold  storages  are  built 
upon  foundations  of  greed.  Their  con- 
tents are  withheld  from  the  people  for 
exorbitant  prices  and  put  upon  the  mar- 
ket through  deceit  and  false  pretenses. 
Its  stock  exchange  is  a  nation^s  den  of 
legalized  thieves  who  train  men  to  bur- 
glarize the  people's  earnings  and  offer 
bribes  to  silence  the  tongue  of  accusation 
before    judges   and    examining    boards.'' 


102    HOETZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

With  such  an  accusation,  Jesus  would 
turn  to  the  Church  as  His  agent  of  puri- 
fication, and  weeping  He  would  accuse 
its  leaders  :  "  Your  divisions  of  My  body 
are  caused  by  lovers  of  self  more  than 
lovers  of  Me.  My  seamless  garment  you 
have  rent  and  for  the  fragments  cast  lots. 
You  rejoice  in  the  relative  sizes  of  the 
pieces  you  have  won.  You  allow  Me  to 
suffer  defeat,  through  a  divided  army,  be- 
fore a  united  host  of  iniquity.  Yet  My 
heart  yearns  for  the  Church  in  America, 
for  in  it  are  many  righteous — they  are 
salt  that  prevents  the  decay,  or  the  wrath 
of  God  would  be  poured  out  upon  it. 
Oh  !  lovers  of  Mine,  remember  the  de- 
struction of  cities  in  past  ages  and  the 
causes  which  brought  their  ruin.  Give 
to  all  My  Gospel  as  My  Father's  power 
unto  salvation." 


Creative  Forces  Working  in    America 


Three  great  forces,  in  modern 
civilization,  are  the  discovery 
of  the  uses  of  gun  powder, 
invention  of  the  printing-press, 
and  the  spread  of  Protestant- 
ism. 

— Thomas  Carlyle. 


CBEATIVE  FORCES  WOEKING  IN 
AMEEIOA 

"^HE  twentieth  century  is  construct- 
ive. The  destructive  forces  spend 
themselves  removing  debris  or 
tearing  down  the  obsolete,  that  more 
splendid  superstructures  may  be  reared. 
Nations  are  no  longer  permitted  to  wage 
wars  of  extermination.  The  spirit  of  the 
strong  to  bear  the  infirmities  of  the  weak 
is  coming  to  have  world-wide  fulfillment. 
Joseph  Cook  said — ''  The  nineteenth  cen- 
tury made  the  world  a  neighbourhood, 
the  twentieth  century  makes  it  a  brother- 
hood.'^  Here  is  an  expression  of  con- 
centration and  fellowship.  Information 
concerning  others  produces  sympathy, 
sympathy  yields  to  cooperation,  and  co- 
operation materializes  itself  in  structures, 
both  substantial  and  spiritual. 

Consideration   of  the    present    welfare 
and  the  future  hopes  of  our  nation  re- 

105 


106    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

quires  a  calling  of  the  people  back  to 
the  fundamentals  of  our  government. 
He  serves  best  who  reminds  our  genera- 
tion of  the  principles  for  which  our 
country  obtained  its  independence,  and 
the  rights  bequeathed  to  us  for  use  and 
preservation  for  succeeding  generations. 
The  standards  and  ideals  of  the  American 
Republic  are  as  essential  to  its  safety  and 
perpetuity  now  as  at  the  beginning  of 
our  nationality.  The  right  understand- 
ing of  those  principles  and  their  adop- 
tion by  the  people  coming  to  America 
are  national  essentials.  Foundations  laid 
by  our  forefathers,  upon  which  the  great- 
est nation  of  the  world  has  been  reared, 
are  subject  to  inspection,  lest  they  decay 
or  be  undermined.  Whatever  the  crea- 
tive forces  working  in  the  United  States 
may  build  upon  these  foundations,  Chris- 
tianity must  have  prominent  and  pro- 
portionate place  in  it.  It  must  be  in 
relation.  In  figure,  as  cathedral  windows 
framed  for  the  unbraiding  of  sunlight 
and  the  casting  of  prismatic  rays  upon 
multitudes  of  worshippers,  it  lets  in  the 
free,  pure  air  of  liberty  in  Christ.     It  is 


CREATIVE  FORCES  IN  AMERICA    107 

the  task  of  home  missions  to  see  that  it 
shall  be  so.  The  home  mission  board  is 
a  moral  health  board,  and  must  post 
yellow  cards  bearing  the  name  of  the 
contagious  disease,  and  warning  the 
public.  Its  task  includes  both  diagnosis 
and  therapeutics. 

Equally  essential  is  the  call  of  men 
back  to  the  truths  of  our  holy  religion  ; 
the  need  of  understanding  them,  and 
their  adaptation  to  life.  There  are  two 
great  entities  in  human  life — the  human 
soul  and  the  human  race.  Christianity 
is  to  save  both.  The  soul  hungers  and 
thirsts  after  righteousness  ;  it  yearns  for 
life  eternal.  The  race  needs  that  right- 
eousness which  exalts  a  nation,  and  is  the 
essential  of  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven. 
National  life  must  take  cognizance  of 
these  facts.  The  composite  of  American 
citizenship,  with  more  than  seventy  lan- 
guages and  dialects  spoken  within  its 
territory,  interferes  with  construction. 
When  men  tried  to  erect  a  tower  to 
heaven  after  the  flood,  the  Lord  testified 
that  they  would  achieve  their  purpose. 
He  said — ''  Behold  the  people  is  one,  and 


108    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIOXS 

they  have  all  one  language ;  and  this 
they  begin  to  do  ;  and  now  nothing  will 
be  restrained  from  them  which  they  have 
imagined  to  do.  Let  us  go  down,  and 
there  confound  their  language,  that  they 
may  not  understand  one  another's 
speech.''  Lack  of  understanding  each 
other  halted  construction,  and  unfinished 
the  Babel  stood  as  a  monument  of  fail- 
ure. America  to-day  needs  the  unifying 
influence  of  one  religion. 

The  creative  force  of  government  itself 
has  opened  mines,  irrigated  plains,  im- 
proved waterways,  built  cities,  and  de- 
veloped its  natural  resources.  Within 
the  national  life  are  three  expressions  of 
creative  energy.  The  first  is  the  family. 
The  family  group  is  a  miniature  govern- 
ment. It  creates  the  standards  and  ideals 
which  join  with  others,  and  make  up  the 
concept  of  a  free  government.  A  major- 
ity expression  of  the  ideals  of  homes 
elects  enactors,  interpreters,  and  executors 
of  laws.  Sentiments  created  in  the 
homes  of  America  find  their  permanent 
expression  in  law,  and  direct  the  agents 
of  their  administration.     Dr.  Chas.  Eliot 


CREATIVE  FORCES  IN  AMERICA    109 

sa3^s — *'  Through  the  home  must  be 
sought  the  replenishment  and  improve- 
ment of  society." 

From  the  eighteen  millions  of  Ameri- 
can homes  flow  the  streams  of  influence 
which  blend  in  a  mighty  current.  The 
direction  in  which  they  flow,  what  val- 
leys fertilized,  what  swamps  drained, 
what  sea  entered  and  what  waterway 
opened  to  the  interior  concern  Christian 
patriots.  The  kind  of  homes  in  a  coun- 
try determines,  in  a  large  degree,  the 
character  of  all  other  institutions.  If  the 
homes  are  righteous,  the  units  of  gov- 
ernment are  cells  in  a  religious  battery 
which  gives  heat,  motion,  light,  warmth 
of  sympathy,  zeal  in  service  and  of 
Scriptural  knowledge. 

Second,  the  State  as  a  creative  force. 
It  is  above  the  family.  What  is  a  state? 
What  is  a  commonwealth?  It  is  organ- 
ized society.  It  has  been  defined  as 
"  The  political  organization  of  a  people 
to  look  after  their  public  industrial  inter- 
ests.** But  a  state  is  more  than  that. 
The  Balkan  States  will  not  agree  to  a 
government   of  the  combined  powers  of 


110    HORIZON  OF  AMEBIC  AN  MISSIONS 

Europe,  nor  allow  Turkey  to  longer  con- 
trol them.  There  is  something  more  in 
Servia,  Montenegro  and  Bulgaria  than  an 
organization  "  to  look  after  their  indus- 
trial interests."  A  state  is  sovereign  to 
its  citizens.  They  will  not  die  for  merely 
industrial  interests.  To  them  ''  my 
country  "  awakens  emotions  which  link 
with  its  fortunes  a  desire  to  defend  it. 
Gatling  guns  and  battle-ships  have  no 
terror,  for  patriots  fight  to  protect  their 
home-land,  the  state  of  their  nativity. 
They  are  ready  to  die  for  it.  The  safety 
of  any  state  depends  upon  the  principles 
of  right  and  justice  for  which  it  stands, 
and  which  dominate  its  attitude  and  ac- 
tivities. States  that  perish  do  so  from 
lack  of  sterling  qualities  which  make 
character  approved  of  God  paramount. 
Whatever  assaults  such  character,  with 
the  sanction  of  the  State,  spells  ruin  to 
its  people.  Separation  of  Church  and 
State  does  not  mean  separation  of  Chris- 
tianity and  State.  Home  missions  puts 
into  the  State  essentials  of  Christianity 
which  express  themselves  in  justice, 
mercy  and  good  citizenship. 


< 


5 

X 
U 


CEEATIVE  FOECES  IN  AMEEICA    111 

Third,  the  school  is  a  creative  force  and 
deals  with  the  rudiments  of  citizenship 
and  morals.  Instruction  to  the  young 
who  will  establish  future  homes,  and 
guide  the  affairs  of  State,  must  be  gauged 
for  that  responsibility.  The  schools  which 
appeal  to  the  senses  alone  as  the  sole  in- 
terpreters of  truth  cannot  meet  the  re- 
quirements of  any  age  or  race  of  men. 
The  development  of  intellect  and  the  ex- 
ercise of  bodily  powers  may  prepare  a 
generation  for  service  and  skillful  use  of 
material  things,  but  prison  records  and 
the  long  catalogue  of  criminology  discover 
that  the  majority  of  criminals  are  intel- 
lectually developed  and  that  most  of 
them  are  without  physical  deformity. 
The  education  of  the  soul  belongs  to  a 
triad  in  the  symmetrical  training  of  men. 
Self-poise  of  individuals  amidst  our  social 
order  gives  an  advantage  not  possessed 
where  soul  culture  is  neglected.  Home 
missions  emphasizes  the  large  part  Chris- 
tian education  must  take  in  bringing  in 
the  Kingdom  of  Christ.  The  Church  is 
ordained  by  its  Head  to  bring  to  the 
family,   state   and   school   knowledge  of 


112    HOKIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

Divine  things  and  inspire  purity  of  life, 
righteousness  and  spirituality,  that  will 
impel  each  toward  the  Kingdom  of 
Heaven. 

A  portrayal  of  these  creative  forces  is 
seen  in  a  bit  of  Biblical  history — ''  Jesus 
went  throughout  all  Galilee,  teaching  in 
their  synagogues,  preaching  the  Gospel  of 
the  Kingdom,  and  healing  all  manners  of 
diseases  and  sickness  among  the  people>" 
*'  Teaching  in  their  synagogues  '^  gave,  by 
example,  first  place  to  the  necessity  of  in- 
struction. His  work  was  with  individ- 
uals and  groups  of  individuals.  But  from 
that  example  leaped  the  idea  of  universal 
teaching  which  embodied  itself  in  brick 
and  stone  and  a  material  structure — the 
school.  Wherever  Christianity  has  gone, 
the  school  concept  from  the  kindergarten 
through  the  grades,  high  school,  semi- 
nary, college,  to  the  university,  has  had 
expression  and  fulfilled  its  mission  to  the 
people.  Where  Christianity  has  not  gone, 
free  schools,  open  to  all  classes,  are  un- 
known. There,  only  to  sons  of  the  rich 
and  politically  favoured,  has  "  knowledge 
to  their  eyes  her  ample  page,  rich  with 


CEEATIVE  FOECES  IN  AMEEICA    113 

the  spoils  of  time  .  .  .  unrolled." 
Educational  institutions,  however,  to 
meet  the  needs  of  our  youth  and  measure 
up  to  the  standards  of  Christianity,  must 
include  moral  and  religious  training. 
Sectarian  tenets  are  rightly  debarred  from 
the  curricula  of  state  schools,  but  the  edu- 
cational institution  which  alone  can  meet 
the  necessities  of  our  time  must  be  Chris- 
tian in  its  teaching.  The  Christian  col- 
lege has  made  and  will  make  such  con- 
tributions to  the  future  welfare  of  the 
state  and  nation  as  will  put  both  under 
perpetual  obligation. 

*'  Preaching  the  Gospel  of  the  King- 
dom." This  also  was  an  individual  mes- 
sage. The  idea  of  proclaiming  the  Gos- 
pel was  released  by  Christ  and  imme- 
diately embodied  itself  in  an  institution. 
The  Church,  materializing  itself  in  stone 
and  vv^ood  and  stained  glass,  became  a 
centre  from  which  to  give  glad  tidings  to 
all  men.  The  living  Church  is  the  con- 
science of  a  community  on  things  spiri- 
tual and  eternal.  The  State  and  Family 
cannot  be  without  the  Church.  The  com- 
munity life  without  this  Divine  institu- 


114    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

tion  lacks  something  which  cannot  be 
supplied  from  any  other  source. 

*'  Healing  all  manner  of  diseases  and 
sickness  among  the  people."  That  service 
and  example  also  first  ministered  to  indi- 
viduals and  became  an  institution.  Hos- 
pitals, eleemosynary  and  charitable  in- 
stitutions, asylums,  houses  of  refuge,  and 
all  such  that  minister  to  the  infirmities 
of  the  flesh  owe  their  origin  to  the  great 
Head  of  the  Church  and  their  inspiration 
and  maintenance  largely  to  men  labour- 
ing for  Him.  Here  is  a  summary  of  the 
threefold  work  of  Christ,  which  expresses 
itself  in  teaching,  preaching,  healing,  or 
in  the  institutions,  the  school,  the  church, 
and  the  hospital. 

Pitted  against  these  creative  forces 
constructing  the  Kingdom  of  God  in 
the  home-land  are  destructive  agencies. 
Those  most  potent,  in  their  ruinous  work, 
are  the  saloon,  the  brothel  and  the  gam- 
bling den.  These  institutions  foster  the 
three  age-long  vices,  intemperance,  prosti- 
tution and  gambling.  The  saloon  is  the 
arch  enemy  of  the  home,  the  school  and 
the  church.     It  creates  an   appetite   for 


CREATIVE  FORCES  IN  AMERICA    115 

strong  drink  and  weakness  of  men.  It 
creates  abnormal  physical  conditions 
which  preclude  prospects  of  education  ; 
an  intoxicated  brain  is  without  incentive 
and  direction.  In  various  forms  it  ad- 
ministers alcohol,  which  affects  the  nerves 
till  they  become  conveyers  of  false  im- 
pressions and  sensations  to  the  brain.  A 
man,  under  the  influence  of  alcohol,  be- 
lieves he  is  rich  when  he  is  not ;  feels 
comfortable  when  he  is  freezing  or  dying 
of  loathsome  maladies ;  claims  he  is  hon- 
ourable when  he  is  criminal ;  asserts  he  is 
strong  when  he  is  weak,  and  already  in 
the  grip  of  an  enemy  intent  upon  his 
destruction. 

The  brothel  is  a  pest-house  where  most 
loathsome  and  dangerous  diseases  are 
contracted  and  infectious  maladies  carried 
to  the  innocent  and  unborn.  It  is  the 
chief  market  of  white  slave  traffickers 
and  procuresses,  and  forces  upon  its  in- 
mates the  most  inhuman  servitude.  The 
ruin  of  the  bodies,  minds  and  souls  of 
millions  of  women  through  this  agenc}^ 
shocks  the  nation  as  facts  are  made 
known.     Social    purity    is    undermined 


116    HOEIZON  OF  AMEBIC  AN  MISSIONS 

through  the  influence  of  legalized  har- 
lotry and  recognized  ''  necessary  evil." 
Home  missions  must  help  change  condi- 
tions which  recruit  the  ranks  of  scarlet 
women.  Low  wages  contribute  to  the 
downfall  of  many.  Of  the  six  million 
girls  and  women  in  the  United  States  de- 
pendent upon  employment  for  their  liv- 
ing (1911  ^),  two  millions  of  them  received 
an  average  w^age  each  of  $6.67  per  week. 
Of  that  amount  $6.23  was  required  for 
bare  necessities,  leaving  only  forty-four 
cents  per  w^eek  for  improvement  and 
pleasure.  Of  the  remaining  four  millions 
of  such  wage-workers,  they  had  not  a 
cent  to  gratify  personal  taste  or  ambition. 
In  this  lack  of  means  lurk  temptations. 
Home  missions,  while  preaching  the  judg- 
ments of  God  upon  lasciviousness,  adul- 
tery, and  evil  concupiscence,  must  fight 
for  better  industrial  conditions  and  com- 
mercial justice. 

The  gambling  table  draws  about  it 
men  who  are  unwilling  to  give  honest 
toil  for  due  requital.  Frequenters  of  the 
gambling   den  disclaim  any   right   of  a 

^  Bureau  of  Labour. 


CREATIVE  FOECES  IN  AMERICA    117 

state  to  their  influence,  toil  or  contribu- 
tion to  citizenship.  They  are  willing  to 
eat  the  bread  of  idleness  and  rob  others 
through  gaming  devices.  They  are  will- 
ing to  risk  the  fortunes  of  each  day  with 
other  murderous  men  of  the  gambling 
habit.  They  are  destroyers  of  the  Home, 
the  State  and  the  Church.  Home  mis- 
sions must  cope  with  these  professional 
marauders  of  our  civilization.  Faith  in 
God  sees,  as  Elisha's  servant  saw  the 
mountains  round  about  him  filled  with 
chariots  and  hosts  battling  for  the 
prophet,  the  creative  forces  are  building 
an  enduring  civilization  in  America. 


VI 

Loyal  Church  Efficiency 


VI 

LOYAL  CHUECH  EFFICIENCY 

CHRISTIANITY  when  first  taught 
by  Christ  and  His  apostles  was 
individual.  It  looked  to  the 
cleaning  of  human  heafts,  requiring  re- 
pentance and  regeneration  as  conditions 
of  hope  for  eternal  life.  Later,  Jesus 
stood  before  the  world  as  the  builder  of 
an  institution,  for  Christianity  was  to  be 
the  agent  of  bringing  into  existence 
an  institution — the  Church.  Individual 
lives  brought  into  spiritual  and  cove- 
nantal  union  were  to  be  grouped  for  mu- 
tual help,  spiritual  growth,  and  organized 
effort  in  the  extension  of  the  Kingdom 
of  Truth  and  Righteousness.  Jesus  por- 
trayed as  a  builder,  clothed  as  a  labourer, 
with  trowel  and  mortar  board,  plumb- 
line  and  square,  standing  before  the 
world  as  He  declared,  "  Upon  this  rock 
I  will  build  My  Church,  and  the  gates  of 
Hades  shall  not  prevail  against  it,"  is  not 

121 


122    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

a  travesty  upon  His  Divinity  and  Mes- 
siahship.  The  institution  He  built  was 
to  be  invulnerable  against  assaults  by 
men  and  demons  ;  it  was  not  to  be  alone 
a  shelter  and  a  fortress  for  protection  ; 
but  the  pillar  and  support  of  the  Truth. 
Its  function  was  to  be  that  of  an  aggres- 
sive herald  to  proclaim  the  Gospel  in  all 
lands.  It  was  to  be  made  up  of  the  ec- 
clesia,  the  men  and  women  called  out 
through  the  power  of  His  Gospel  and 
the  Holy  Spirit  to  help  Him  establish, 
extend,  and  maintain  His  Kingdom  in 
all  the  world. 

A  world-empire  with  Christ  as  sovereign 
was  the  idea  released  by  the  Head  of  the 
Church.  Such  a  task  was  never  assigned 
to  any  other  institution  in  the  history 
of  the  world.  The  Church  was  equipped 
with  simple  ordinances  and  a  program  of 
world  redemption.  The  speed  by  which 
the  conquest  of  the  world  shall  be  effected 
depends  ever  upon  the  efficiency  of  His 
disciples  in  meeting  the  conditions  under 
which  they  labour,  and  the  loyalty  of 
His  followers  to  the  Church  of  which 
He  is  the  Head. 


LOYAL  CHUECH  EFFICIENCY       123 

Church  efficiency  is  not  measured  by 
the  size  of  congregations.  A  church 
numerically  small  can  bring  souls  to 
Christ — a  large  church  can  scarce  do 
more.  The  latter  may  have  better  equip- 
ment for  varied  ministrations  to  its  com- 
munity and  a  greater  company  of  intel- 
ligent workers,  but  the  bringing  of  people 
unto  Christ  and  building  them  up  in  His 
service,  the  chief  functions  of  the  church, 
do  not  depend  upon  the  size  of  the  local 
membership.  Rather,  church  efficiency 
will  be  based  upon  loyalty  of  the  fol- 
lowers of  Christ  in  maintaining  the  ordi- 
nances of  the  New  Testament  Church — 
the  Lord  honours  those  who  will  honour 
Him  and  establishes  the  work  of  their 
hands.  Efficiency  also  depends  upon 
the  local  organization,  as  a  building  rests 
upon  its  foundation.  A  "  front  rank 
church"  has  nine  characteristic  qualities: 

A  Sunday-school  striving  for  "  front 
rank." 

Regular  weekly  observance  of  the 
Lord's  Supper. 

Fifty  per  cent,  of  the  church-member- 
ship attending  Sunday  morning  service. 


124    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

Contributing  members  equal  to  sixty 
per  cent,  of  church-membership. 

Monthly  meetings  of  the  church  officers. 

Annual  revision  of  the  church  roll. 

Annual  evangelistic  meeting  held  at 
home  or  elsewhere. 

Annual  statistical  report  to  the  State 
Board. 

Annual  offerings  to  State  Missions, 
American  Missions,  Foreign  Missions  and 
Benevolences. 

A  congregation  measuring  up  to  this 
front  rank  standard  has  still  come  short 
of  the  ideal.  It  is  but  a  militant  church 
meeting  conditions  of  the  average  com- 
munity. 

Loyal  church  efficiency  requires  injec- 
tion of  business  management  into  the 
church's  finances.  Tithing  is  the  oldest 
system  of  religious  financiering.  It 
was  practiced  throughout  the  Jewish  dis- 
pensation. It  was  recognized  in  the 
apostolic  and  patristic  ages  of  the  Church. 
According  to  a  well-known  authority, 
all  ancient  people  gave  tithes  in  their 
religious  services  to  support  their  wor- 
ship.^    Tithers  are  increasing  in  number, 

*  Smith's  Bible  Dictionary. 


LOYAL  CHUECH  EFFICIENCY       125 

and  greatly  advance  the  evangelization 
of  the  world.  A  method  which  has 
stood  the  test  of  practical  criticism  and 
produced  most  satisfactory  results  is  the 
''  budget  "  plan.  It  has  the  endorsement 
of  leading  Protestant  bodies.  This  plan 
embraces  all  items  involved  in  financing 
a  church  and  its  enterprises.  It  proposes 
a  sum  for  current  expenses  and  a  pro- 
portionate division  of  funds  for  missions 
and  benevolence.  It  requires  of  the 
congregation  a  systematic  canvass  of  in- 
dividual members  for  a  weekly  pledge  to 
both  the  local  obligations  of  the  church 
and  its  extension  work.  The  members 
are  pledged  to  give  for  self  and  others. 
The  method  includes  the  adoption  of  the 
duplex  envelope  or  similar  device  that 
members  may  conveniently  deposit  weekly 
the  amount  of  their  offerings  unto  the 
Lord.  This  plan  is  Scriptural  and  in- 
cludes contributions  for  others  rather 
than  the  maintenance  of  the  home  con- 
gregation alone.  The  Apostle's  charge  ^  to 
the  church  at  Corinth  has  five  times  of 
specific  import  as  follows  : 

*  1  Cor.  xvi. 


126    HOEIZON  OF  AMEKICAN  MISSIONS 

*'  Upon  the  first  day  of  the  week  " — 
Periodic. 

^*  Let  every  one  of  you  " — Personal. 

**  Lay  by   him  in  store  '^ — Provident. 

"  As  God  has  prospered  him  " — Pro- 
portionate. 

*'  That  there  be  no  gathering  when  I 
come  " — Preservative.^  ' 

Such  a  financial  plan  is  practical  in 
rural  and  city  churches  alike.  The 
farmer  who  has  an  income  when  crops  are 
marketed  may  not  be  able  to  pay  his 
church  pledge  weekly.  However,  he  has 
the  regular  weekly  purchases  of  staples  for 
his  household  and  farm,  for  which  he 
pays  at  regular  times.  His  church  pledge 
might  be  classified  with  them.  The  wage- 
earner  in  the  city  can  better  meet  a  pay- 
ment weekly  than  by  any  other  plan. 

Success  of  the  budget  method  will 
depend  very  largely  upon  the  manner 
and  thoroughness  of  making  the  canvass. 
Some  churches  take  pledges  for  current 
expenses  and  missions  in  the  same  canvass ; 
others  take  them  separately  with  a  few 
weeks  or  months  intervening.    Preference 

*  Laymen's  Missionary  Outline. 


LOYAL  CHUECH  EFFICIENCY       127 

for  either  of  these  will  depend  upon  local 
conditions.  After  the  canvass  is  com- 
pleted special  days  designed  for  particular 
interests  should  be  observed  regularly, 
but  for  educational  purposes  only.  Infor- 
mation regarding  unmet  religious  needs 
and  special  appeals  from  fields  in  which 
the  church  is  concerned  will  increase  the 
offerings,  though  no  special  pledges  or 
contributions  at  the  time  may  be  asked. 
Perhaps  the  greatest  result  of  the  adoption 
of  a  budget  with  proportionate  distribu- 
tion is  found  in  its  spiritual  effects  upon 
both  minister  and  membership.  The  sig- 
nificance of  a  change  in  method  may  be 
discovered  in  the  attitude  of  average  audi- 
ences on  occasions  of  missionary  appeals. 
A  hypothetical  case  will  illustrate  the 
spiritual  effects  of  the  old  method  in  con- 
trast to  the  new.  We  assume  the  occasion 
is  the  day  for  offerings  for  American  mis- 
sions. The  minister  is  preaching  his 
fifth  annual  sermon  for  the  purpose  of 
meeting  an  apportionment  to  his  con- 
gregation. In  preparing  his  sermon  he 
is  conscious  of  compulsion  to  leave  unsaid 
what  he  had  formerly  presented  as  facts, 


128    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

incidents,  and  reasons  for  supporting  mis- 
sions in  the  home-land.  He  is  compelled 
to  present  the  principles  underlying  obli- 
gations of  the  church  to  make  ''  our 
country — God's  country,''  and  preserve 
the  religious  inheritance  bequeathed  to  us 
and  our  children.  After  an  introductory 
service  on  this  day  of  taking  an  offering 
he  is  before  his  people  with  a  plea.  In  his 
yearning  to  extend  the  Master's  Kingdom 
he  is  consciously  striving  to  compel  his 
people  to  give  more  liberally  than  on 
previous  occasions.  Psychologically  his 
auditors  assume  an  attitude  of  fixed  re- 
solve to  contribute  only  so  much,  or  a 
defiant  pose  against  the  prying  open  of 
their  purses  by  his  logic  and  appeal. 
When  his  address  is  concluded  and  results 
must  be  measured  immediately  by  the  sum 
of  money  collected,  both  pastor  and  people 
have  been  involuntarily  drawn  into  a 
contest  with  each  other,  rather  than  a 
devout  worship  of  God.  An  analysis  of 
mental  and  spiritual  emotions  after  the 
benediction  forces  the  conviction  that  a 
spiritual  service  has  been  displaced  by  a 
money-getting  performance. 


LOYAL  CHUECH  EFFICIE:NCY       129 

With  the  budget  plan  in  operation  the 
same  preacher  presents  to  his  people  needs 
of  the  home-land.  He  lifts  the  curtain 
and  his  hearers  look  with  him  upon 
spiritual  and  moral  destitution  ;  they 
pray  together  that  the  Lord  may  send 
more  labourers  into  his  field.  They  are 
co-workers  with  God.  Instead  of  a  con- 
test, they  cooperate  ;  instead  of  competi- 
tion, they  consider  obligations  which  will 
be  met  by  their  weekly  offerings.  The 
difference  in  plans,  as  shown  by  results, 
is  the  difference  between  a  cistern  and  a 
flowing  well.  If  a  cistern  is  large  enough 
and  does  not  leak  ;  if  rains  are  abundant, 
and  if  the  water  pipes  are  in  place  when 
showers  fall,  it  may  supply  the  dependent 
thirsty  throughout  a  season.  But  a  flow- 
ing well  fails  not  in  drought,  at  a  time 
most  needed.  The  budget  plan  provides 
a  constant  stream  of  money  pouring  into 
the  treasury.  Missionaries  and  evangel- 
ists can  depend  upon  regular  support 
under  such  conditions. 

Loyal  church  efficiency  when  applied 
to  the  rural  church  has  some  require- 
ments  which  do  not  belong  to  the  city 


130    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAK  MISSIONS 

congregation.  One  of  these  is  the  prepara- 
tion of  its  minister.  His  ability  must  be 
supplemented  by  adaptability.  His  min- 
istry, if  in  the  older  settled  portions  of  our 
country,  will  be  largely  to  a  tenant  class 
rather  than  to  owners  of  farms.  The 
removal  of  land-holders  from  many  com- 
munities has  left  to  the  few  remaining 
the  responsibility  and  burden  of  support- 
ing the  church.  To  this  task  a  remnant 
lend  them.selves  unvvillingly  or  through 
discouragement  let  it  die.  Renters  of 
farms  have  no  vested  interest  which  gives 
them  assurance  of  continued  benefits  from 
either  school  or  church  in  the  community 
where  they  reside.  The  minister  who 
preaches  to  such  people  ought  to  reside 
among  them.  He  ought  to  be  familiar 
with  stock-raising,  soil  culture,  rotation 
of  crops,  poultry,  animal  husbandry  and 
all  general  interests  attached  to  farming. 
His  sermons  should  be  in  terms  suited  to 
the  thinking  and  occupation  of  people  in 
the  open  country.  The  standard  of  ser- 
mons for  them  should  not  be  on  a  lower 
plane  than  those  calculated  to  reach 
people  of  an}^  other  class  or  place  of  resi- 


LOYAL  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY       131 

dence.  The  adaptation  of  his  illustrations 
should  be  like  that  of  the  Master's  drawn 
from  objects  and  incidents  familiar  to 
country  folk.  A  patch  on  a  man's 
clothes,  yeast  in  bread-making,  seeds  in 
the  garden  and  field  furnish  effective 
object  lessons  for  spiritual  teaching. 

The  rural  church  to  be  an  efficient 
agent  must  be  a  community  centre. 
While  its  primal  purpose  is  to  teach 
the  people  the  way  of  life  and  salva- 
tion,— to  make  them  religious, — it  must 
be  in  sympathy  with  young  people,  and 
with  all  classes  of  people  in  its  vicinity. 
It  is  not  a  function  of  the  church  to  fur- 
nish amusements  and  recreation  for  people ; 
nevertheless,  it  must  recognize  the  need 
of  both,  and  send  into  the  arena  of  amuse- 
ments, innocent  recreation  and  legitimate 
business,  men  and  women  dominated  by 
the  spirit  of  purity,  fairness,  and  all  that 
Christian  character  demands.  The  church 
should  be  a  centre  for  lectures  on  improve- 
ment of  agriculture,  dairy  products  and 
general  lyceum  and  Chautauqua  themes. 
The  country  church,  considered  as  an 
institution,  has  associated  with  it  certain 


132    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICA:^^  MISSIONS 

elements  which  must  conform  to  the  tests, 
comforts,  and  needs  of  the  people.  There 
are  material  discomforts  generally  notice- 
able in  the  rural  church.  The  house  of 
worship  itself  is  approached  by  roads 
nearly  impassable  for  long  periods  of  the 
year,  and  distances  to  be  travelled  by 
attendants  to  it  are  great.  The  building 
usually  has  uncomfortable  pews,  inade- 
quate heating  apparatus,  poor  lights,  and 
ventilation.  Its  isolation  is  often  against 
its  popularity  as  a  centre  of  assembly. 
It  stands  by  the  roadside,  in  a  grove  of 
scattered  trees  or  in  a  lonely  field,  with  a 
country  graveyard  hard  by.  The  preacher 
usually  lacks  practical  suggestions  and 
plans  to  accomplish  the  Lord's  work  and 
leaves  his  members  helpless  before  their 
tasks.  The  pastor's  acquaintance  with 
farm  life  is  so  limited  that  his  people  have 
but  little  information  in  common  with 
him.  If  he  were  to  familiarize  himself 
with  at  least  six  varieties  of  chickens, 
the  names  and  identity  of  three  families 
of  hogs,  four  kinds  of  horses,  five  species 
of  sheep,  seven  breeds  of  dogs,  know 
something    of    the    dairy,   gardens    and 


LOYAL  CHUECH  EFFICIENCY       133 

orchards,  kinds  of  wheat  and  corn, 
names  of  destructive  insects  and  plant 
enemies,  he  would  be  trusted  as  a  most 
welcome  leader  in  spiritual  things. 

A  right  concept  of  the  church  itself  is 
not  usually  formed  in  the  minds  of 
country  worshippers.  Their  zeal  is  dis- 
sipated. Their  undirected  energies  spend 
themselves  in  an  annual  revival,  and  an 
attempt  to  pay  all  current  expenses.  The 
separateness  of  rural  congregations  is  not 
one  of  space  alone.  They  are  entirely 
out  of  touch  with,  and  ignorant  of,  the 
activities  of  the  Kingdom  of  God  in  its 
world-wide  conquest.  There  is  no  sys- 
tematic effort  to  inform  the  people  and 
train  them  in  the  larger  service  of  Christ. 
Few  religious  papers  are  read,  even  by 
members,  and  an  incentive  to  bring  the 
resources  of  the  congregation  for  sacrifice 
upon  the  altar  is  wanting.  There  is  a  lack 
of  variety  in  the  work  of  rural  churches. 
Their  program  of  service  has  not  changed 
in  a  quarter  of  a  century.  The  coming 
together  of  the  people  is  limited  to  fel- 
lowship, singing,  praying  and  preaching. 
The  sermons  usually  play  upon  the  string 


134    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

of  orthodoxy  with  great  regularity. 
Country  folk  are  made  to  feel  that  a 
defense  of  the  faith  rests  with  them,  and 
they  look  with  suspicion  upon  any  one 
who  sounds  notes  not  familiar  to  them 
from  childhood.  But  the  country  church 
has  a  worthy  task.  It  should  stand  for 
thorough  Biblical  training  and  Scriptural 
doctrines.  It  calls  for  the  highest  and 
best  equipped  ministry,  if  it  attain  to  the 
full  measure  of  its  opportunities.  No 
people  are  more  susceptible  to  instruc- 
tion, and  more  willing  to  follow  when 
properly  led  than  people  of  the  open 
country.  Eighty-five  per  cent,  of  our 
ministers  obtain  their  training  here  and 
a  large  portion  of  each  city  church's  con- 
stituency first  became  acquainted  with 
the  church  while  in  the  rural  districts. 
There  is  no  just  reason  why  the  pattern 
set  by  the  United  States  Government  in 
establishing  experimental  stations  to  test 
theories  of  agriculture  and  horticulture, 
animal  husbandry  and  soil  culture  should 
not  be  imitated  in  developing  leaders  for 
efficient  country  church  service. 

If  a  church  is  on  the  frontier  where  civ- 


LOYAL  CHUECH  EFFICIENCY       135 

ilization  is  taking  shape,  its  ministration 
must  mold  sentiment  to  be  crystallized 
into  laws  governing  the  future  common- 
wealth. Leadership  in  such  new  com- 
munities will  be  put  to  the  highest  test 
of  efficiency.  The  frontier  of  the  United 
States  is  not  necessarily  bounded  by  any 
particular  geographical  lines  or  produced 
by  any  peculiar  industry.  New  railroads, 
the  development  of  irrigation  areas,  the 
extension  of  the  postal  service,  ex- 
perimentation with  methods  of  dry  farm- 
ing, throwing  upon  the  market  Indian 
reservation  and  the  opening  of  mines,  all 
create  frontier  conditions  into  which  the 
church  must  be  projected.  To  such  com- 
munities varieties  of  characters  are  at- 
tracted and  become  settlers.  They  live  in 
unorganized  relation  to  each  other;  many 
of  them,  because  of  disassociation  from 
home  ties  and  kinsmen,  degenerate 
morally  and  religiously.  Obligations  to 
the  church,  formerly  borne,  are  disre- 
garded, and  new  uses  of  time  are  adopted. 
To  bring  the  Gospel  with  its  beneficent 
influences  to  bear  upon  a  mixed  popula- 
tion and  cement  them  into  a  sympathetic 


136    HOEIZON  OF  AMEBICAN  MISSIONS 

group,  cooperating  with  each  other  in 
making  the  new  settlement  Christian,  is 
a  task  peculiarly  difficult. 

The  new  church  organized  for  such 
people  must  have  financial  support  out- 
side of  local  contributions,  for  the  people 
are  taxed  to  their  utmost  in  attempting 
to  establish  new  homes,  put  under  cul- 
tivation virgin  soil,  and  pay  for  necessary 
machinery  and  stock.  In  the  first  years 
of  such  settlement  the  newcomer  has  a 
greater  outlay  than  income  and  the  def- 
icit on  his  accounts  exceeds  his  credit. 
Unless  he  has  especially  interested  himself 
in  the  welfare  of  his  neighbourhood,  he 
makes  no  allowance  for  the  establishment 
or  maintenance  of  the  church.  But  a 
church  composed  often  of  a  few  faithful 
souls  must  be  planted  to  take  root  socially, 
industrially  and  often  politically,  and 
wait  through  succeeding  years  a  growth 
which  will  make  it  fruitful  in  the  cause  of 
civic  righteousness  and  general  public  in- 
terests. Its  efficiency  will  depend  upon  a 
leadership  adapted  to  changing  conditions 
of  community  life.  A  rugged,  manly  min- 
ister in  sympathy  with  the  struggle  of 


LOYAL  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY       137 

his  people,  alone,  can  hope  to  render 
acceptable  service.  This  is  an  elemental 
consideration. 

It  is  important  to  recognize  funda- 
mental aims  of  the  church  in  order  to  get 
all  else  in  right  relations.  Social  service 
in  this  day  is  a  subject  of  constant  conver- 
sation among  religious  leaders  and  the  im- 
pression is  made  that  the  church's  chief 
obligation  is  to  equip  and  maintain  gym- 
nasiums and  clubs  and  carry  forward 
community  betterment  and  civic  reforms. 
These  are  accessories,  but  the  chief  work 
of  the  church  is  to  Christianize  men.  All 
varieties  of  social  conditions  help  or  hinder 
that  work.  The  church,  therefore,  must 
be  awake  to  both  spiritual  needs  and  social 
situations  to  fulfill  the  will  of  the  Master. 

In  the  middle  ages  the  Church  incor- 
porated in  its  functions  hospitals,  uni- 
versities, schools,  and  even  affairs  of 
State.  The  same  view  regarding  the 
scope  of  church  work  and  duties  is  held 
at  the  present  time  by  some  ecclesiastical 
leaders.  The  modern  idea,  however,  is 
that  the  Church's  control  of  social  inter- 
ests must  be  moral,  spiritual,  and  inspira- 


138    HOEIZOlSr  OF  AMEKICAN  MISSIOIifS 

tional.  Direct  control  should  be  re- 
leased in  every  instance  as  soon  as  a  com- 
munity is  taught  to  see  the  need  and  will 
support  the  particular  agency  that  an- 
swers that  need.  The  Church  pioneers 
helpful  enterprises ;  it  stimulates  the 
workers  ;  is  the  conscience  of  a  commu- 
nity ;  advertises  what  ought  to  be  done  ; 
takes  the  initiative,  but  relinquishes  offi- 
cial relationship  when  it  has  schooled  the 
community  as  a  whole  to  do  its  duty. 
The  State  takes  care  of  public  education, 
for  a  majority  of  American  citizens  be- 
lieve general  education  should  be  pro- 
vided by  every  commonwealth.  The 
Church  willingly  surrenders  that  task, 
however,  while  maintaining  schools  for 
the  training  of  its  own  leaders.  Hospitals 
and  asylums  must  be  built  for  clinics  and 
unfortunates.  It  insists  that  the  public 
schools  shall  teach  Christian  morals  and 
ethics  without  sectarian  bias  or  prejudice. 
Care  for  the  sick,  orphaned,  enfeebled, 
aged,  and  friendless  is  primal  in  Chris- 
tianity and  coordinates  with  preaching 
the  Gospel.  Faith  and  practice  are  in- 
separable where  Christ  rules.     But  when 


LOYAL  CHUECH  EFFICIENCY       139 

the  sympathy  of  a  community  crystal- 
lizes itself  into  an  institution  for  the  help 
and  protection  of  these  dependents  it  is 
time  for  the  church  to  give  over  responsi- 
bility of  its  maintenance.  Playgrounds 
are  provided  by  schools  and  cities  for 
recreation  to  meet  the  requirements  of  a 
whole  community.  When  such  is  the 
case  the  church  is  relieved  of  a  necessity 
of  ministering  in  that  way  even  to  its 
own  adherents.  When  a  neighbourhood 
or  municipality  can  be  stimulated  and 
guided  to  render  a  substantial  service  on 
a  large  scale  the  social  function  of  the 
church  is  rendered  by  indirection.  This, 
however,  does  not  relieve  a  church  of  its 
obligations  to  cultivate  the  social  life 
among  its  own  members.  Only  experts 
can  plan  for  constant  wants,  and  allign 
the  forces  of  righteousness  that  will  reach 
both  centre  and  periphery  of  a  community. 
It  is  not  out  of  place  in  this  connection 
to  repeat  a  conviction  that  only  system- 
atic expert  leadership  can  cope  with  situ- 
ations listed  in  the  category  of  social  needs. 
The  more  vitally  related  a  church  is  to 
the  community  in  which  it  is  located,  the 


140    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

more  effective  it  will  prove  its  power  in 
Christ  to  lift  men  up,  and  the  consequent 
wider  recognition  will  be  given  it.  The 
writer's  acquaintance  through  a  series  of 
years  with  a  church  in  a  city  with  a 
population  of  about  80,000  revealed  the 
power  of  a  congregation  when  it  links  its 
life  with  that  of  the  city  and  seeks  its 
welfare.  The  church  mentioned  was  not 
in  the  centre  of  the  population  but  was 
easily  reached.  It  had  lived  a  suburban 
life.  Its  members  were  content  to  wor- 
ship, cultivate  the  sociability  of  its  group, 
and  swell  the  number  of  adherents.  It 
was  not  without  interest  in  missions  and 
benevolent  enterprises,  but  it  had  no  recog- 
nized influence  in  the  municipality.  The 
pastor  had  a  vision  of  church  service  and 
set  about  to  realize  through  its  members  his 
dream  of  an  effective  administration.  No 
literature  on  social  service  was  obtainable. 
Various  parties  desiring  the  betterment  of 
that  city  were  chosen  as  representatives, 
through  which  to  extend  the  good  offices 
of  the  congregation.  An  investigation  of 
the  moral  conditions,  political  machinery, 
and  a  study  of  forms  of  evil  were  made 


LOYAL  CHURCH  EFFICIENCY      141 

with  the  aim  to  improve  them.  The  ac- 
quaintance with  agencies  of  good  was 
cultivated  that  the  influence  and  co- 
operation of  the  church  could  be  given 
them.  To  articulate  with  them  effect- 
ively a  qualified  representative  for  each 
was  chosen  from  that  church  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Board  of  Education,  Board  of 
Directors  of  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.,  Y.  W.  C.  A., 
Home  for  the  Aged,  Ministerial  Associa- 
tion, Christian  Alliance,  Rescue  Mission, 
The  State  Children's  Home  Society,  As- 
sociated Charities,  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
and  some  of  the  unobjectionable  clubs  of 
men.  These  representatives  were  elected, 
not  to  dominate  or  control  these  organiza- 
tions, but  to  be  associated  officially  with 
them,  and  bring  such  information  to  the 
church  that  it  could  reinforce  any  definite 
enterprise  by  its  helpful  cooperation. 
The  pastor  was  a  member  of  a  ministerial 
association,  and  joined  with  it  in  all  con- 
certed movements  for  civic  righteousness. 
From  his  pulpit  the  place  and  time  of 
primaries  were  regularly  announced  and 
enfranchised  members  of  the  church  urged 
to  attend  the  primary  of  their  own  polit- 


142    HOEIZO:^r  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

ical  party,  and  control  the  selection  of 
good  men  as  candidates,  whose  names 
would  appear  on  the  various  tickets  for 
election.  The  pulpit  laid  the  importance 
of  good  citizenship  upon  the  hearts  of 
Christian  men,  and  pointed  out  the  way 
by  which  they  could  secure  the  nomina- 
tion of  men  who  could  be  trusted  with 
the  functions  of  office.  After  such  a  plan 
was  inaugurated,  what  attitude  voters  in 
that  church  would  take  toward  the  can- 
didacy of  a  councilman,  police  judge, 
justice  of  the  peace,  judges  of  the  district 
court,  state  senators,  representatives  and 
congressmen  was  considered  by  office- 
seekers  and  politicians.  The  spiritu- 
ality of  that  congregation  deepened  with 
a  consciousness  of  its  responsibility.  The 
social  service  it  rendered  attracted  men 
and  a  phenomenal  growth  of  over  three 
thousand  accessions  in  ten  years  is  evi- 
dence of  the  Lord's  approval.  The  effi- 
cient church,  whether  in  the  city  or  rural 
region,  must  organize  itself  to  minister. 
The  Church,  like  its  Head,  came  not  to 
be  ministered  unto,  but  to  minister  and 
to  give  itself  a  ransom  for  many. 


VII 

Supply  and  Location  of  Preachers 


VII 

SUPPLY  AND  LOCATION  OF  PEEACHEES 

THIS  topic  has  two  direct  ques- 
tions awaiting  answers.  They 
are  like  illuminated  signs — the 
darker  our  perplexity,  the  more  clearly 
they  advertise  our  needs.  Supply  and 
demand  are  laws  in  commercial  and  in- 
dustrial affairs.  These  same  laws  obtain 
in  the  church  and  its  ministry  modified, 
perhaps,  by  more  conditions  of  quality, 
affecting  both  preacher  and  congregation, 
than  may  be  exacted  in  the  business 
world. 

This  presentation  will  deal  with  causes 
affecting  the  supply  of  ministers  and 
methods  of  selecting  pastors.  The  Year 
Book,^  1913,  has  6,016  preachers  and 
9,905  congregations  listed.  Allowing 
each  church  its  own  pastor,  these  figures 
show  3,899  pastorless  congregations. 
Such,  however,  is  not  a  true  representa- 

*  Year  Book  of  Churches  of  Christ. 
146 


146    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

tion,  for  many  preachers  minister  each  to 
two,  three,  and  occasionally  four  congre- 
gations. On  such  a  basis  of  considera- 
tion, we  do  not  need  as  many  ministers 
as  there  are  churches. 

Again,  many  preachers  listed  do  not 
serve  as  pastors,  but  devote  their  lives  to 
missionary  activities,  evangelism,  educa- 
tional institutions,  religious  journalism 
and  secretarial  duties.  What  is  gained 
in  calculation  by  multiplication  of 
churches  is  lost,  in  part  at  least,  by  the 
number  of  preachers  who  are  not  ^'  lo- 
cated." It  must  also  be  taken  into  con- 
sideration, when  one  is  analyzing  condi- 
tions, that  many  churches  having  a  small 
membership^  in  sparsely  settled  commu- 
nities do  not  aspire  to  independence  and 
the  luxury  of  one  shepherd  for  a  few 
sheep.  They  aim,  through  their  elders, 
to  maintain  the  ordinances  of  the  Lord's 
house  regularly,  and  hope  for  an  occa- 
sional sermon  by  a  peripatetic  minister  of 
the  Word. 

Dealing  more  closely  with  the  ques- 
tion of  ''  supply,"  the  seriousness  of  this 
question  may  be  appreciated,   when    we 


SUPPLY  OF  PKEACHEES  147 

analyze  other  facts  taken  from  the  Year 
Book  of  1913,  as  follows  : 

California  had  235  preachers,  56  or  about  11 J 

per  cent,  not  preaching  regularly. 
Colorado  had  61  preachers,  14  or  about  23  per 

cent,  not  preaching  regularly. 
Idaho  had  32  preachers,  12  or  about  37  per  cent. 

not  x:>reaching  regularly. 
Iowa    had  303  preachers,  30  or  about  10  per 

cent,  not  preaching  regularly. 
Minnesota  had  37  preachers,  6  or  about  16  per 

cent,  not  preaching  regularly. 
Montana  had  28  preachers,  7  or  about  25  per 

cent,  not  preaching  regularly. 
Washington  had  116  preachers,  19  or  about  16 

per  cent,  not  preaching  regularly. 
Oregon  had  170  preachers,  33  or  about  19  per 

cent,  not  preaching  regularly. 

In  these  eight  states  there  are  982 
preachers,  of  whom  177  or  about  one-sixth 
are  reported  as  not  preaching  regularly. 

It  is  pertinent  to  ask  why  have  these 
given  up,  wholly  or  in  part,  the  ministry 
of  the  Word  ?  A  variety  of  causes  may 
be  given,  but  the  following  are  the  most 
general : 

1.  Ill  health. 

2.  Lack  of  adequate  school  privileges  for  the 

minister's  family. 

3.  Inadequate  salary. 

4.  Inadaptability. 

5.  Approach  of  age  limit. 


148    HORIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

6.  Alluring  prospects  of  earthly  possessions. 

7.  Unreasonable  exactions  upon  the  minister 

by  of&cers  and  leaders  in  the  local  con- 
gregation. 

8.  Misdirected  influence  of  preceding  pastors. 

The  right  of  a  successor  to  marry  and 
conduct  funerals  in  his  family  of  faith 
should  be  respected.  Frequent  visits  by 
the  predecessor  to  old  parishioners  to 
preach  or  lecture,  and  correspondence 
with  them  about  the  affairs  of  the 
church,  are  all  in  bad  taste,  and  tend  to 
foster  dissatisfciction  with  a  new  pastor. 

9.  Restlessness.     The    church   at  M ,    in 

Illinois,  had  115  applicants.  The  salary 
offered  was  $1200.00  and  a  parsonage. 
A  few  sentences  in  the  letter  of  a  promi- 
nent minister  in  one  of  our  best  churches 
reveals  this  common  cause.  ^'Oh,  this 
restlessness  among  preachers.  We  all 
think  we  have  peculiar  reasons,  how- 
ever. I  have  held  but  four  pastorates  in 
eighteen  years.  The  entire  time  might 
have  been  spent  with  profit  in  the  same 
place." 

Another  letter  portra3^s  conditions 
heart-depressing  and  soul-strangling  to 
pastors  who  find  themselves  in  similar 
situations.  ^'  I  have  had  rather  a  pecul- 
iar experience.  It  is  one  of  those  unfor- 
tunate things  that  sometimes  come  in  the 
way  of  a  preacher.  The  financial  condi- 
tion here  has  been  very  hard  for  the 
past  three  years,  and  this  last  year  many 


SUPPLY  OF  PEEACHERS  149 

churches  have  run  behind.  Our  church 
has  been  no  exception.  Three  weeks 
ago  five  members  of  my  board  got  to- 
gether to  consider  the  financial  question 
of  the  church.  Three  brethren,  among 
the  best  in  the  church,  and  having  the 
most  means,  although  not  nearly  the 
best  givers,  were  present.  They  decided, 
that  since  the  church  is  running  behind, 
the  only  way  out  of  the  difficulty  is  to 
cut  off  all  expenses.  This  they  decided 
to  do.  Several  other  members  of  the 
board  were  in  town  on  the  day  of  that 
meeting,  but  were  not  informed  of  it,  or 
knew  anything  of  the  contemplated  ac- 
tion. Had  they  been  present  this  story 
would  have  been  entirely  different.  I,  as 
pastor,  knew  nothing  of  it  until  the 
following  day  when  I  received  through 
the  mail  a  communication  informing  me 
of  such  action.  I  was  almost  heart- 
broken. These  brethren  claimed  they 
meant  no  harm  to  me,  but  the  fact  ap- 
pears plainly  they  gave  me,  as  minister, 
no  serious  consideration.  My  fellowship 
with  this  church  has  been  splendid, 
although    the   board   has   been    weak  in 


150    HORIZON  OF  AMEBICAN  MISSIONS 

managing  our  finances.  I  fear  this  has 
had  a  very  bad  effect  on  the  church. 
The  decision  was  to  discontinue  all  ex- 
penses after  thirty  days.  That  time  will 
end  in  a  week.  Other  fields,  I  under- 
stand, are  open,  but  churches  do  not 
seem  to  be  in  a  hurry  about  calling  a 
pastor.  My  goods  are  being  packed,  and 
unless  some  way  is  opened,  I  will  proba- 
bly go  to  northwest  Canada,  and  take 
a  claim. '^  If  the  condition  in  which 
this  brother  found  himself  is  typical — 
and  there  is  circumstantial  evidence  from 
cardinal  points  of  our  country  suggesting 
its  truthfulness — we  have  discovered  a 
cause  which  may  deter  promising  young 
men  from  entering  the  ministry.  Con- 
gregations, and  especially  official  boards, 
must  recognize  the  joint  obligation  they 
share  with  pastors  in  the  propagation  of 
Christianity  in  their  communities,  and 
the  passing  on  of  the  church  to  the  next 
generation,  in  better  condition,  with  more 
vitality  and  Christlike  spirit,  than  when 
they  became  officers.  A  pastor  is  not  to 
be  discharged  as  a  hireling.  A  con- 
science on  joint  responsibility  created  in 


SUPPLY  OF  PEEACHERS  151 

every  congregation  will  prevent  summary 
dismissal  of  pastors  and  decrease  demands 
of  pastorates.  What  is  thirty  days'  warn- 
ing to  the  average  pastor  with  a  family 
to  support?  Most  men  in  pulpits  have 
no  accumulated  reserve,  and  cannot  sup- 
port themselves  and  family  a  fortnight 
unemployed,  without  going  into  debt. 
The  churches  need  every  minister  now 
enlisted,  and  to  sacrifice  one  man  of  God, 
as  cited  in  the  above  case,  is  unchristian 
and  will  be  one  of  the  strong  forces  com- 
pelling many  men,  for  the  sake  of  those  de- 
pendent upon  them,  to  take  up  claims  in  a 
newcountry,  or  change  their  plan  of  living. 
A  speaker,  on  the  floor  of  the  Presby- 
terian General  Assembly,  in  Louisville, 
Kentucky,  1912,  discussing  a  report  that 
2,000  Presbyterian  churches  were  without 
preachers,  and  accompanied  by  a  resolu- 
tion calling  for  young  men  to  enlist  as 
candidates  for  the  ministry,  said — ''  Hun- 
dreds of  our  gray-haired  ministers,  an- 
nually, are  dismissed  or  cast  aside.  Men 
of  brains,  education  and  good  records, 
are  eliminated  for  no  other  reason  than 
that  they  are  too  old." 


152    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

This  statement,  varied  only  by  num- 
bers, is  true  of  all  Protestant  churches 
in  America.  What  shall  be  done  with 
our  hale,  able  preachers,  whose  only 
condemnation  is  '*  growing  old "  ?  Is 
there  no  place  for  these  in  Christ's  serv- 
ice? Their  name  is  legion.  These, 
who  are  efficient  and  worthy  heralds  of 
the  Cross,  should  be  kept  busy,  and  their 
talents  and  experiences  utilized  in  the 
church.  Allow  them  to  work  "  until 
they  are  tired,  before  they  are  retired." 

The  minister  to-day  is  compelled  to 
labour  under  a  financial  handicap  which 
places  the  chief  obstacle  at  the  entrance 
of  that  sacred  calling.  Note  the  gen- 
eral requirements  laid  upon  him  and  the 
following  facts  become  apparent : 

First,  he  must  clothe  his  family  in 
keeping  with  the  culture  standards  of 
his  community.  To  go  beyond  these 
standards,  or  fall  short  of  them,  brings 
censure.  If  he  overdresses,  he  erects  a 
barrier  between  himself  and  the  poorer 
people  of  his  congregation.  If  custom  of 
his  community  requires  jeans  and  brogans 
for  men,  and  calicoes  and  sunbonnets  for 


SUPPLY  OF  PKEACHEES  153 

women,  good  judgment  dictates  modest 
conformity  as  a  means  of  winning  them 
for  Christ.  Whatever  the  fashion  or 
cost,  he  must  meet  his  clothing  bills. 

Second,  it  is  an  unwritten  law  of  a  con- 
gregation that  its  pastor  entertain  visit- 
ing brethren.  Beefsteak  at  seventeen 
cents  and  twenty-three  cents  per  pound, 
and  viands  approaching  a  "  spread  "  must 
be  furnished  all  comers. 

Third,  he  must  promptly  pay  his 
grocery  bills  when  due,  or  forfeit  the 
respect  of  the  community.  ''  Pay  as  you 
go,  and  if  you  can't  pay  don't  go,"  is  an 
adage  of  many  pastoral  households. 

Fourth,  he  must  cover  his  life,  library 
and  household  effects  by  insurance,  lest 
his  family  should  be  left  destitute  in 
case  of  his  death  or  a  fire. 

Fifth,  he  must  attend  conventions — 
district,  country,  state  and  national — as 
his  work  and  attitude  of  his  congregation 
compel.  Allowance  for  needed  expenses, 
while  attending  conventions,  is  some- 
times granted  by  his  people,  but  more 
frequently  he  pays  his  way,  and  oc- 
casionally if  absent  over  a  Lord's  Day, 


154    HORIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

provides  pulpit  supply  out   of  his  own 
earnings. 

Sixth,  he  must  educate  his  children 
equally  with  himself  and  wife,  and  sup- 
port them  in  colleges  or  universities 
attended  by  the  sons  and  daughters  of 
the  well-to-do  and  influential  families  of 
his  parish. 

Seventh,  he  must  head  the  list  of 
regular  contributors  to  current  expenses 
of  the  church,  and  give,  as  an  example 
to  his  flock,  to  missions  and  benevolence 
equal  amounts  with  bankers,  attorneys, 
merchants  and  farmers  of  his  congrega- 
tion. All  of  these  requirements  he  is 
expected  to  meet  out  of  a  salary  below 
the  income  of  other  men  of  equal  and 
even  inferior  talent  and  education  in 
other  walks  of  life.  If  we  consider  the 
average  pastor  of  a  rural  church,  there 
would  be  the  added  expense  of  a  horse 
and  buggy,  at  a  cost  of  one  hundred  and 
fifty  dollars  per  year.  Were  the  pastor's 
obligations  assumed  and  borne  by  mer- 
chants, lawyers,  physicians  and  bankers, 
with  their  living  limited  to  the  same  in- 
come,   they    would   probably   quit   their 


SUPPLY  OF  PEEACHERS  155 

posts  in  despair.  That  we  have  such 
numbers  of  self-sacrificing  men  in  the 
ministry  who  are  earnestly  proclaiming 
the  Truth  is  evidence  that  they  as  a 
class  make  a  dollar  go  farther  than 
others,  and  win  the  palm  as  the  best 
financiers  of  our  day. 

The  report  of  the  Russell  Sage  founda- 
tion shows  that  the  average  mechanic  in 
New  York  State  requires  eight  hundred 
dollars  per  year  upon  which  to  live.  On 
less  than  that,  his  children  are  deprived 
of  necessary  food,  clothing,  medical  care 
and  recreation.  He  has  no  public  obli- 
gations compared  to  those  of  a  minister. 
In  the  same  state,  a  pastor  cannot  live  on 
less  than  eight  hundred  dollars  per  year, 
the  amount  required  for  mechanics.  To 
that  salary,  add  one  hundred  and  fifty 
dollars  for  the  needed  horse  and  buggy, 
thirty  dollars  for  books,  religious  papers 
and  current  literature,  forty  dollars  for 
travelling  expenses,  and  three  hundred 
dollars  to  support  his  children  in  school, 
which  makes  a  total  of  five  hundred 
and  twenty  dollars  per  year.  Add  this 
amount  to  eight  hundred  dollars,  and  we 


156    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIOIsS 

have  thirteen  hundred  and  twenty  dollars 
necessary  to  ease  the  minister's  mind,  and 
maintain  his  self-respect.  A  smaller  in- 
come than  a  living  compels  those  capable 
of  leadership  in  the  church  to  seek  other 
vocations. 

The  high  cost  of  living  affects  the 
supply  of  ministers.  During  the  latter 
part  of  1912  the  cost  of  living  in  the 
United  States  was  higher  than  at  any  other 
time  during  the  past  twenty-three  years. 
The  bureau  of  labour  statistics  has  just 
issued  a  report  on  retail  prices  from  1890 
to  1913.  The  lowest  cost  was  reported  in 
each  of  the  geographical  divisions  and  in 
the  United  States  as  a  whole  in  1906. 
From  that  date  to  1912  the  approximate 
cost  of  a  year's  food  supply  for  an  average 
working  man's  family,  at  average  prices 
each  year,  by  geographical  divisions,  for 
1890,  1896  (the  low  year)  and  1912, 
was: 


Divisions 

1890 

1896 

1912 

North  Atlantic  .    . 

.    .  $319.00 

$300.00 

$366.00 

South  Atlantic    .    . 

.    .    274.00 

265.00 

417.00 

North  Central     .    . 

.    .    299.00 

276.00 

463.00 

South  Central    .    . 

.    .    268.00 

255.00 

441.00 

Western 

.    .    309.00 

277.00 

429.00 

The  general  increase  of  salaries  paid  by 


SUPPLY  OF  PEEACHEES  157 

churches  has  not  kept  pace  with  the  cost 
of  living. 

Location  of  Pastors 

This  second  factor  in  the  equation  of 
church  life  is  not  less  perplexing.  The 
locating  of  pastors  does  not  yield  to 
uniform  treatment.  The  following  are 
methods  in  vogue : 

Example  One.  A  rumour  becomes 
current  that  a  vacancy  is  to  occur  in  a 
given  pulpit.  As  the  word  is  passed 
along,  friends  of  available  pastors  interest 
themselves,  and  names  are  suggested  to 
officers  and  the  retiring  pastor.  Applica- 
tions are  sometimes  made  by  ministers 
who  aspire  to  successorship  to  the  incum- 
bent. Occasionally,  an  official  board 
takes  prompt,  definite  action,  and  over- 
tures are  made  to  a  desirable  candidate, 
a  call  extended  and  accepted.  When 
acceptance  is  given,  it  means  that 
the  church  whence  the  new  pastor 
comes  has  on  hand  the  matter  of  supply- 
ing a  minister  for  itself.  Could  shepherds 
of  the  flock  of  God  exchange  places,  there 
would  be  little  confusion  ;  but,  with  the 


158    HOKIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

re-location  of  one,  a  long-  series  of  change 
is  forced,  and  "  pussy  wants  a  corner  " 
excites  churches  in  a  number  of  states. 
Exchanges  of  pastorates  is  an  excellent 
method  of  location  and  aids  one  class  of 
churches. 

Example  Two.  A  pastor  has,  for  some 
reason  satisfactory  to  himself,  decided  to 
vacate  his  pulpit  and  hands  his  resigna- 
tion to  the  board.  That  body  appoints  a 
supply  committee.  Extensive  correspond- 
ence is  begun,  and  invitations  are  ex- 
tended to  receptive  prospectives  to  preach 
trial  sermons.  The  record  of  each  man 
is  investigated  and  his  friends  and  mis- 
sionary secretaries  are  called  to  furnish 
testimonials.  As  the  church  is  visited 
and  sample  sermons  delivered,  the  con- 
gregation becomes  a  jury.  Members  form 
their  likes  and  dislikes  of  each  candidate. 
Probably  every  such  visitor  is  assured  by 
somebody,  while  on  trial,  that  he  has 
made  a  favourable  impression  and  can  well 
expect  in  the  near  future  a  call.  Weeks 
go  by,  and  available  men  are  sorely  tested 
by  delay.  Finally  the  official  board 
adopts  a  recommendation  of  its  pulpit  sup- 


SUPPLY  OF  PREACHERS  159 

ply  committee,  and  in  turn  reports  the  same 
to  the  congregation.  A  vote  is  taken, 
and  a  pastor  called.  All  seems  to  be 
satisfactory  for  a  while,  but  it  develops 
later  that  partisan  advocates  are  finding 
fault  with  the  new  pastor,  and  comparing 
him  with  impressions  made  by  other 
candidates.  Occasionally  some  mal- 
contents chide  the  supply  committee  or 
members  of  the  board  for  imposing  upon 
them  the  present  leader  and  remind  them 
that  if  their  judgment  had  been  followed, 
the  church  might  have  been  many  leagues 
in  advance  of  its  present  standing.  Trial 
sermons  are  unsafe  guides  to  the  choice  of 
ministers  and  are  often  snares  to  both 
preacher  and  people. 

Example  Three.  A  church  takes  the 
initiatives,  announces  a  vacancy,  and 
advertises  for  a  pastor.  Such  procedure 
gives  liberty  to  friends  of  preaching 
brethren  to  recommend  them  for  the 
place  and  affords  the  unemployed  an 
opportunity — without  embarrassment — 
to  make  application.  They,  however, 
find  competition  sharp.  The  church 
makes  every  effort  to  secure  the  best  man 


160    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

possible  at  the  salary  it  can  pay.  It  has 
a  quite  definite  idea  of  what  his  quali- 
fications should  be  and  often  makes  such 
requirements,  to  meet  which  the  wisdom 
of  a  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
would  come  short,  and  Drs.  Allwool  are 
likely  to  be  on  the  rejected  list.  These 
are  offered  a  salary  of  only  eight  hundred 
to  fifteen  hundred  per  year.  A  blank  used 
recently  by  a  church  is  submitted  to  illus- 
trate an  extreme  of  qualifications  asked. 

It  has  sixteen  general  requirements, 
with  subdivisions,  closing  with  the  sig- 
nature of  the  applicant,  date  and  address 
appended. 

First  Church  at 

INPOEMATION  BLANK  TO  BE  FILLED  OUT  BY 
CANDIDATE  FOR  MINISTER 

Retnrn  to 

1.  Name Age    .... 

2.  Post-office  address 

3.  Married,  widowed  or  single 

4.  No,  of  members  of  family  dependent  upon  you  .    . 

Ages  of  children 

5.  Does  your  wife  assist  in  church  work  ? 

To  what  extent? 

6.  Education  (give  colleges  or  universities  attended, 

if  any,  and  if  so,  then  courses  taken,  date  of 
graduation,  degrees  received,  if  any,  and  other 
information  relative  to  educational  qualifica- 
tions)     


SUPPLY  OF  PEEACHERS  161 

7.  Special  preparation  for  the  ministry 

8.  Pastoral  experience  (i^ive  pastorates  held,  number 

of  years  in  each  position,  etc. ) 

9.  Evangelistic  or  other  ministerial  experience     .    .    . 

10.  State  briefly  your  attitude  toward  the  various  or- 

ganizations of  the  church  and  your  idea  of  their 

management : 

(a)  Bible  School 

(6)  Prayer-Meeting 

(  c  )  Church  Choir 

(d )  Missionary  Societies 

(e)  Y.  P.  8.  C.  E 

(/)  Brotherhood 

(g)  Official  Board 

11.  State  attitude  toward  related    Christian  work  of 

the  city,  such  as  union  meetings,  Y.  M.  and 
Y.  W.  C.  A.,  Boys'  Institutional  Work,  etc. 

12.  Do  you  sing  well  ? Play  any 

musical  instrument  ? 

13.  Condition  of  health 

14.  Salary  in  present  or  last  engagement 

Lowest  salary  you  would  accept 

15.  References  (give  names  and  addresses  of  at  least 

five  persons,  preferably  members  of  official  boards 
you  have  served  and  professors  in  colleges  you 
have  attended). 

(a) 

(6) 

(c) 

(d) 

(e) 

(/) 

16.  Would  you  be  willing  to  visit  the  church  and  preach 

a  trial  sermon,  provided  the  church  would  pay 
your  necessary  railroad  and  hotel  expenses?   .    . 

Date 19][ 

Signed 

Address 


The  church  sending  forth  this  application 
blank  constituted  itself  a  court  to  pass 
upon  the  correct  management  of  mission- 


1G2    HOEIZON  OF  AMEBIC  AN  MISSIONS 

ary  societies  and  official  board,  no  part 
of  which  belongs  to  pastoral  duties.  It 
is  presumed  an  applicant  could  be  re- 
jected, though  otherwise  qualified,  if  he 
sing,  but  not  ''  sing  well,"  or  "  play  any 
musical  instrument "  to  take  the  place 
of  the  choir  should  it  rebel  against  his 
*'  idea  of  its  management."  The  call  of 
the  Lord  Jesus  is  to  men  of  faith  in  Him 
to  preach  with  ability  the  Gospel  which 
saves  individuals  and  communities  from 
sin. 

A  second  case  illustrates  the  extent  of 
correspondence  to  which  a  church  clerk 
may  go,  conscientiously,  to  secure  the 
right  man.  The  writer,  after  answering 
a  number  of  inquiries  regarding  different 
men  under  consideration  for  a  pastorate 
in  the  East,  was  invited  by  the  clerk  to 
sit  with  his  board  and  consider  the  quali- 
fications of  nine  ministers  who  had  been 
recommended.  Care  was  taken  to  give 
the  name  of  the  party  recommending 
each.  Two  weeks  later  this  clerk  sub- 
mitted another  list  of  twenty  names  for 
the  same  pulpit,  and  judgment  was  asked 
as    to    which    of    them    would    be    best 


SUPPLY  OF  PREACHERS  163 

adapted  to  the  work  in  said  church. 
Six  months  had  elapsed  since  corre- 
spondence began,  and  still  the  church 
was  without  a  shepherd. 

Example  Four.  A  wise  pastor  has  in 
confidence  notified  his  board  of  his  in- 
tention to  give  up  his  present  position. 
The  board,  sharing  that  confidence,  ap- 
points a  pastoral  committee,  usually  of 
the  elders,  or  corresponding  spiritual  lead- 
ers of  the  church.  It  begins  a  still-hunt 
to  secure  his  successor.  The  committee 
secretly  visits  some  church  that  is  pros- 
perous under  the  leadership  of  a  pastor 
of  recognized  ability.  This  committee, 
consisting  often  of  three,  arrives  in  the 
city  where  contented  people  worship 
with  their  beloved  pastor.  Visiting 
members  disguise  their  identity  and 
make  inquiries  of  leading  men  about 
the  church.  If  dissatisfied  persons  are 
discovered,  they  make  note  of  that  fact 
to  the  discredit  of  their  intended  victim. 
They  attend  services  as  spies  and  sit  in 
different  parts  of  the  house  of  worship. 
They  feign  no  acquaintance  with  one 
another,    and    acknowledge   no    definite 


164    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

reasons  for  being  present.  They  watch 
the  congregation,  listen  intently  to  the 
sermon,  make  discreet  inquiries  about 
the  membership,  condition  of  the  church 
and  of  the  religion  in  the  community, 
what  attitude  the  minister  himself  sus- 
tains, and  pass  the  remark  that  they  have 
been  much  interested.  In  the  afternoon, 
these  seeming  strangers  get  together,  and 
form  a  consensus  of  opinion.  They  again 
appear  at  night  and  get  further  evidence. 
If  the  committee  is  not  satisfied,  similar 
excursions  are  made,  until  its  members 
unite  in  recommending  to  the  board  a 
unanimous  call  to  *'  Brother  So  and  So  " 
of  a  sister  church.  The  congregation  as- 
sents, a  salary  is  stipulated,  usually  larger 
than  that  paid  by  the  church  victimized, 
and  the  whole  matter  is  laid  before  the 
candidate.  Human  nature  is  weak,  and 
the  average  preacher  persuades  himself 
that  his  time  of  best  service  where  he 
labours  is  passed.  He  thinks  the  new 
field,  at  a  distance,  opens  more  oppor- 
tunities for  enlargement  of  his  useful- 
ness, and  possibly  his  church,  though  up 
to  that  time  harmonious,  may  not  fully 


SUPPLY  OF  PEEACHEES  165 

appreciate  him.  He,  therefore,  accepts  the 
call.  In  such  a  procedure,  the  principles 
of  ethics  and  of  Christianty  are  violated 
— a  strong  church  robs  the  weak.  ^'  Thou 
shalt  not  steal  ^'  is  not  a  part  of  either  its 
decalogue  or  creed.  The  injunction,  "  we 
that  are  strong  ought  to  bear  the  in- 
firmities of  the  weak,"  has  been  for- 
gotten, or  never  had  application  to  sister 
congregations.  That  weaker  congrega- 
tion, deprived  of  its  minister,  if  allowed 
to  remain  under  his  leadership,  would 
become  strong  to  serve. 

From  the  examples  given  some  abuses 
practiced  in  locating  pastors  need  correc- 
tion and  better  plans  adopted. 
The  following  are  suggested  : 
First,  the  elders  of  a  church  are  its 
overseers  ^  and  responsible  for  the  feeding 
of  the  flock  over  which  the  Holy  Spirit 
has  appointed  them.  They  should  select 
a  competent  pastor  with  deference  to  the 
rights  and  relations  of  the  one  chosen  to 
any  other  congregation  and  the  larger 
interest  of  Christ's  Kingdom.  When 
selected  the  membership  should  be  asked 

» Acts  XX.  28. 


166    HORIZON  OF  AMERICAIsr  MISSIONS 

to  acquiesce  in  the  selection.  A  board 
of  elders  is  a  board  of  education  seeking 
a  teacher  of  spiritual  things. 

Second,  a  bureau  of  ministerial  supply 
to  which  vacancies  in  pulpits  and  resigna- 
tions of  ministers  should  be  promptly 
reported.  The  function  of  that  bureau 
to  be  mediary  and  not  ecclesiastic.  It 
would  put  facts  concerning  a  church  seek- 
ing a  pastor  before  available  preachers 
and  open  the  way  for  correspondence  and 
call.  Such  service  should  be  rendered 
without  the  cost  of  either. 

Third,  pension  preachers  after  so  many 
years  of  service  as  teachers.  Army  and 
navy  officers  and  employees  of  some  cor- 
porations are  pensioned.  Ten  per  cent, 
of  the  average  salaries  of  preachers  during 
the  first  five  years  of  their  ministry,  if 
paid  annually  to  each  who  has  served 
twenty  years,  added  as  deferred  pay- 
ment for  services  rendered  and  not  as 
charity,  would  hold  and  increase  the 
present  supply.  In  conclusion,  all  the 
testimony  from  the  field  indicates  that 
the  supply  and  location  of  preachers  is 
becoming  more  serious  by  the  changing 


SUPPLY  OF  PEEACHERS  167 

American  life.  The  Church  is  quite  free 
from  the  danger  of  immoral  men,  to 
which  it  once  was  in  grave  peril.  The 
same  may  be  said  of  men  whose  reputa- 
tion for  honesty  and  good  citizenship  can 
be  called  in  question.  There  is  great 
hazard,  however,  to  which  the  average 
board  is  subjected,  in  calling  pastors  who 
have  ceased  to  study,  and  are  preaching 
"  cold  storage "  sermons.  The  people 
do  not  fatten  spiritually  upon  them. 
Churches  are  likely,  if  extreme  care  is 
not  exercised,  to  be  persuaded  to  take 
men  who  are  recommended  because  of 
their  success  in  boosting  some  special 
enterprises.  The  line  of  procedure,  which 
has  in  it  most  of  good  to  both  pastor  and 
church,  provides  that  men  shall  be  openly 
sought  because  of  their  educational  prep- 
aration, spiritual  development,  and  all- 
round  service  to  the  church.  Such  men 
are  listed  in  Year  Books,  where  much  of 
their  work  is  tabulated.  State  Secretaries 
should  be  consulted  before  choosing  a 
pastor. 

Choice  ought  to  be  made  on  the  basis 
of  regular  work  done,  considered  in  rela- 


168    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

tion  to  conditions  under  which  it  was 
accomplished.  Students  in  colleges  are 
graduated  on  the  records  of  average  work 
in  the  class-room,  rather  than  upon  special 
examinations  and  spectacular  perform- 
ances. The  recommendations  of  such 
students  to  various  professions  are  based 
upon  regular  work.  The  same  ought  to 
be  true  in  the  supply  and  location  of 
preachers. 

Ideals  regarding  preachers  ought  to  be 
changed.  The  world  has  admired  the 
^'golden  mouthed  "  Chrysostom,  the  pulpit 
ability  of  F.  W.  Robinson  and  the  mastery 
of  assemblies  by  Beecher.  Such  preachers 
with  rare  gifts  are  not  to  be  less  honoured, 
but  the  Church  and  the  world  need  faith- 
ful, Christly,  prepared  men,  who,  though 
not  entertainingly  brilliant,  can  answer 
the  needs  of  communities,  spiritualize  the 
people,  and  lead  them  into  the  ways  of 
righteousness  for  His  Name's  sake. 


VIII 

America  Democratizing  the  World 


If  I  were  a  missionary  in  Can- 
ton, China,  my  first  prayer 
every  morning  would  be  for 
the  success  of  American  home 
missions,  for  the  sake  of  Can- 
ton, China. 

— Pkof.  Austin  Phelps. 


VIII 

AMEEICA  DEMOCEATIZING  THE  WOELD 

THE  American  Republic  is  not 
a  creation — it  is  a  development. 
The  principles  of  democracy  are 
old,  and  their  application  has  made  vary- 
ing success  in  the  world's  history.  Partial 
and  total  failures  of  democracies  and  re- 
publics among  dififerent  peoples  have  been 
due  to  provincialisms,  inadequate  means 
of  rapid  communication,  and  the  temper 
of  the  nation.  Pure  democracy  allies 
itself  with  universality,  and  is  racial, 
rather  than  sectional,  regional  and  pro- 
vincial. Applied  to  citizens  of  our  Re- 
public, men  have  local  pride  in  their 
states  and  cities,  but  claim  to  be  in  their 
identity  Americans,  rather  than  merely 
Pennsylvanians,  or  San  Franciscans. 

The  assets  of  our  Republic  are  not 
alone  our  gold  and  silver,  stocks  and 
bonds,  flocks  and  herds,  railroads  and 
ship  lines,  lumber  output  and  grain  prod- 
ucts, but  rather  the  morality  and  spiri- 

171 


172    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

tuality  of  the  people,  which  outrank  all 
of  these.  The  material  prosperity  of  the 
Republic  is  the  horse,  upon  which  the 
knight-errant  of  our  morals  and  spiri- 
tuality goes  forth  in  defense  of  the  poor, 
and  as  the  conqueror  of  vices  and  evils, 
common  enemies  of  Christian  civilization. 
This  chivalrous  knight  rides  upon  an  iron 
steed,  sails  in  swift  vessels  of  the  ocean,  and 
is  preparing  to  use  the  aeroplane  to  com- 
pass the  earth  in  the  defense  of  mankind. 

Dr.  Charles  W.  Eliot  has  given  a  sum- 
mary of  achievements  wrought  by  the 
great  nations  in  forty  centuries.  He  as- 
cribes to  America  five : 

First — ^'  Our  democracy  has  demon- 
strated the  power  and  practicability  of 
arbitration."  It  is  intended  to  be  the 
supplanter  of  war.  In  one  hundred  and 
sixteen  years,  since  the  adoption  of  the 
Constitution,  we  have  had  but  four  inter- 
national wars,  while  up  to  the  present 
time  there  have  occurred  fifty-one  cases 
submitted  to  arbitration  and  amicably 
settled.  Each  of  these  had  ftictors  serious 
enough  for  nations  to  have  taken  up  arms 
in  their  defense. 


DEMOCRATIZING  THE  WOELD      173 

Second — '*  Religious  toleration."  Oar 
democracy  rests  upon  the  sub-sills  of  re- 
ligious freedom.  Every  man  is  accorded 
the  right  to  worship  God  according  to  the 
dictates  of  his  own  conscience.  When 
that  rule  of  religious  toleration  was 
adopted  in  the  colonies,  the  lack  in  vari- 
ety of  different  religious  bodies  made  its 
following  easy ;  religion  and  state  were 
to  be  maintained  in  friendly  relation, 
though  separated.  As  the  nation  ad- 
vances in  years  and  becomes  complex  in 
its  social  life,  religion  also  becomes  cos- 
mopolitan, heterogeneous  and  tangled  as  a 
dish  of  Italian  spaghetti.  Paganism,  Prot- 
estantism, Judaism,  and  Roman  Catholi- 
cism alike  must  respect  the  right  of  all 
people  in  this  country  to  unrestricted  free 
moral  agency  in  matters  of  religion. 

Third — ''  Manhood  suffrage."  No  coun- 
try has  so  completely  demonstrated  in 
a  workable  way  manhood  suffrage  as 
America.  Barring  the  limitations  of  a 
forfeit  by  crime,  infancy  or  imbecility, 
citizenship  irrespective  of  property  rights 
has  become  almost  universal. 

Fourth — ''  Racial  and  political  equal- 


174    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

ity.'^  The  greatest  variety  of  nations 
ever  represented  in  national  affairs  is 
found  in  the  United  States.  This  gov- 
ernment has  grown  and  prospered  on  the 
theory  of  the  fitness  of  all  races  to  polit- 
ical freedom. 

Fifth — ''  Diffusion  of  material  well-be- 
ing among  the  people."  Education  is 
made  free  to  all  people,  regardless  of 
blood  and  nationality.  Homes  are 
erected,  held,  sold  or  purchased  by  all 
people,  except  some  Orientals  in  a  few 
states.  The}^  are  given  the  right  to  own 
domestic  animals,  machinery,  tools  and 
all  possessions  which  do  not  endanger 
the  health  and  safety  of  the  inhabitants. 

All  of  these  five  contributions  of  civili- 
zation are  impressing  the  world.  They 
constitute  in  the  Chinese  mind  the  con- 
cept of  the  Western  civilization  for  which 
China  is  asking.  They  make  up  the  new 
civilization  being  copied  by  Japan.  They 
are  factors  in  the  new  age,  being  recog- 
nized in  Europe,  and  constitute  the  essen- 
tial elements  in  America's  democratiza- 
tion of  the  world. 

A  nation  is  in  large  measure  the  ex- 


DEMOCEATIZING  THE  WORLD      175 

pression  of  the  religion  of  its  people. 
India  is  a  product  of  Buddhism  and 
Brahmanism.  China  is  the  result  of  cen- 
turies of  its  religions.  This  fact  applies 
to  America  in  no  less  degree.  With  such 
an  understanding,  the  importance  of  a 
nation's  influence  upon  its  inhabitants, 
and  the  peoples  of  other  countries,  is 
greatly  enhanced.  We  do  not  look  at  a 
group  of  people  from  India,  and  pass 
judgment  upon  the  fitness  of  all  India, 
because  of  the  character  of  the  individ- 
uals in  a  small  company,  but  we  approve 
or  condemn  India  as  a  whole.  In  doing 
so,  we  sit  in  judgment  upon  the  dominant 
religions  of  that  country  which  have 
produced  her  government  and  its  condi- 
tions. The  Japanese  do  not  judge  Amer- 
ica by  the  few  people,  a  coterie  of  mis- 
sionaries from  our  country,  but  America 
as  a  whole,  including  its  conception  of 
Christianity,  is  criticized  or  praised  by 
them.  Sixteen  years  ago,  the  Mikado 
made  a  public  statement  of  his  willing- 
ness to  issue  a  decree  making  Christianity 
the  state  religion  of  Japan.  The  reason 
he  gave  his  council  was  that  the  life  and 


176    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

work  of  Christian  missionaries  had  been 
more  helpful  to  Japan  than  any  religion 
propagated  in  his  empire.  Some  of  his 
councillors  suggested  that,  before  the  de- 
cree should  be  made,  a  deputation  be  sent 
to  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain 
to  ascertain  whether  doctrines  taught  by 
missionaries  in  Japan  were  adopted  and 
practiced  in  those  two  countries.  The 
deputation  was  appointed  and  made  a 
survey  of  Canada,  the  United  States  and 
Great  Britain.^  Its  members  went  into 
the  courts  of  law,  and  saw  justice  defeated 
on  technicalities,  and  criminals  set  free ; 
they  visited  the  marts  of  trade  and  busi- 
ness industries,  where  men  reputed  to  be 
Christian  destroyed  through  competition 
each  other's  business.  Municipal  govern- 
ments were  investigated,  and  the  domina- 
tion of  grafters,  political  tricksters,  and 
ward  heelers  was  discovered.  They  vis- 
ited schools  and  found  the  elimination  of 
the  Bible — the  missionary's  text  book 
and  code  of  morals — and  attended 
churches  where  denominationalism  ex- 
alted itself  above  the  oneness  of  Christ's 


1  (( 


Rebirth  of  Religion.' 


DEMOCEATIZING  THE  WOELD      177 

followers  and  disregarded  His  purpose  to 
save  the  world.  The  report  of  that  dep- 
utation to  the  Mikado  was  that  ''  while 
it  is  true  the  life  of  the  Christian  mission- 
ary among  us  is  the  purest  of  any  advo- 
cates of  religion  in  Japan,  and  the  prin- 
ciples of  Christianity  taught  them  are 
right  and  most  helpful  to  our  citizens, 
the  people  of  the  United  States  and  Great 
Britain  do  not  believe  and  practice  the 
doctrines  taught  us  by  their  Christian 
missionaries."  The  edict  was  never  is- 
sued. Had  the  report  been  different  the 
mandate  would  have  gone  forth.  While 
such  a  decree  could  not  make  Japan 
Christian,  it  would  have  opened  every 
door  to  thirty-seven  millions  of  people 
then  inhabiting  its  islands  to  Christian 
teachers  and  preachers,  and  a  religious 
revolution  greater  than  that  following 
the  edict  of  Constantine  would  have  re- 
sulted. A  nation  embodies  its  morals 
and  religious  standards  which  must  be 
taken  into  account  when  calculating  its 
influence  upon  others. 

History  furnishes  a  similar  case  in  the 
introduction  of  Christianity  among  the 


178    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

Russians.  A  missionary  of  the  Greek 
Church,  in  980  a.  d.,  visited  Vladimir, 
who  was  a  pagan,  and  the  ruling  prince. 
He  had  been  visited  by  Mohammedan 
teachers,  who  urged  him  to  accept  their 
prophet.  The  Jews  tried  to  win  him  to 
Judaism,  but  he  knew  something  of  their 
dispersion,  and  knew  also  that  the  cause 
was  their  national  sins.  He  associated 
religion  with  government,  and  did  not 
want  a  religion  that  had  no  country. 
Roman  Catholic  priests  told  him  about 
God,  and  the  head  of  their  church,  the 
pope.  Then  the  Greek  missionary,  in  his 
turn,  pointed  out  the  mistakes  of  those 
who  had  preceded  him.  Vladimir  said 
the  Jews  told  him  that  both  the  Roman 
Catholics  and  the  Greek  Catholics  wor- 
shipped one  whom  they  crucified.  The 
Greek  replied  that  it  was  so.  *'  But  why 
was  He  crucified?''  asked  this  pagan 
prince.  The  missionary,  seizing  the  op- 
portunity, told  the  story  of  God's  love, 
expressed  through  the  suffering  of  Christ. 
Vladimir,  though  deeply  touched,  was  yet 
unwilling  to  accept  a  new  religion  with- 
out further  investigation.     He,  therefore, 


DEMOCEATIZmG  THE  WOELD      179 

called  his  councillors,  and  laid  the  whole 
matter  before  them.  Almost  a  year  later, 
on  their  advice,  a  committee  was  des- 
patched to  the  countries  where  different 
faiths  were  professed  to  ascertain  how  they 
influenced  the  conduct  and  life  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  to  bring  home  a  report.  That 
deputation  found  no  religion  which  im- 
pressed them  favourably  until  they 
reached  Constantinople.  Here  they  were 
received  by  Basil,  the  Emperor,  who  took 
them  to  a  service  at  St.  Sophia,  the 
church  built  by  Justinian,  the  most  splen- 
did house  of  worship  then  in  existence. 
The  service  was  conducted  by  the  patri- 
arch arrayed  in  gorgeous  robes,  while  the 
music  was  chanted  by  a  choir  of  noted 
singers.  Everywhere  candles  burned, 
and  incense,  wafted  from  the  altar,  re- 
galed the  senses.  The  procession  of  dea- 
cons with  torches  and  the  vast  concourse 
of  people  worshipping  overwhelmed  the 
Russian  visitors.  They  exclaimed — ''  This 
is  supernatural.'^  Their  report  made  to 
Vladimir  was  convincing  and  Greek 
Christianity  was  later  adopted  by  him.^ 

*  "Conversion  of  Vladimir." 


180    HOEIZON  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

The  United  States  is  destined  to  a  wider 
influence  and  a  stronger  molding  power 
among  the  nations  as  the  years  increase. 
It  is  the  most  distinct  and  the  best  known 
world-power  resting  upon  the  principles 
of  democracy.  The  manners  and  customs 
of  our  people  partake  of  the  cosmopolitan. 
Their  language  embodies  expression  once 
limited  to  peculiar  nations  and  ages,  but 
now  racial  and  universal.  Their  politics, 
while  local  in  official  relations,  have  a 
breadth  of  sympathy  that  makes  them 
international.  Their  industries,  while 
bound  to  localities  easily  accessible  to  raw 
materials  and  labour  for  manufacturing 
purposes,  seek  markets  in  remote  parts  of 
the  world.  Their  literature  is  selected 
without  prejudices  from  the  Orient  and 
the  Occident  alike.  Their  education  in- 
cludes in  its  curricula  science,  art,  phi- 
losophy, and  history  from  all  climes  and 
ages.  They  believe  in  Christ  in  whose 
Word  the  spirit  of  empire  inspires  the 
outstretched  helping  hand  to  all  kindreds, 
tribes  and  tongues  of  men. 

The  geographical  isolation  of  America 
gives   to  it  an  advantage  not  held,   per- 


DEMOCRATIZING  THE  WOELD      181 

haps,  by  another  nation  on  the  globe. 
While  it  has  Canada,  near  neighbour  of  the 
same  blood  and  language,  to  the  north, 
and  is  in  border  relations  with  Mexico, 
broad  seas  separate  it  from  ancient  na- 
tions west,  and  modern  governments 
east.  The  territory  of  the  United  States 
lies  centrally  in  the  north  temperate  zone, 
and  this  position  promises  similar  climate 
to  immigrants  who  have  lived  in  the  same 
latitude  or  along  corresponding  isother- 
mal lines  in  the  old  countries.  People 
migrating  incline  to  follow  parallels  of 
latitude,  the  exception  usually  being 
where  climatic  changes  are  produced  by 
ocean  or  atmospheric  currents.  Bosomed 
in  this  favoured  zone  between  the  Atlan- 
tic and  Pacific,  America  is  on  the  high- 
way of  progress,  over  which  the  march  of 
enterprises  girdle  the  earth.  The  unusual 
number  and  accessibility  of  harbours  on 
the  east,  south  and  west  coasts  of  the 
United  States  invite  the  ships  of  all 
countries  to  trade  with  our  citizens. 
Marine  transportation  and  the  merchant 
have  ever  been  agents  of  acquaintance  and 
transplantation    of  ideas  and  standards. 


182    HOEIZOX  OF  AMEEICAN  MISSIONS 

Knowledge  of  strange  manners  and  cus- 
toms found  in  unexpected  quarters  of  the 
earth  is  traceable  to  the  seafaring  merchant 
and  adventurous  navigator.  The  exotics 
of  civilization  hold  them  responsible  for 
their  existence  in  this  favoured  zone. 

The  diversity  of  natural  resources  in 
the  United  States  encompasses  in  kind 
practically,  the  products  of  the  world. 
Bountiful  crops,  productive  mines,  health- 
ful stock  ranges,  propitious  seasons, 
thirty-five  thousand  miles  of  navigable 
rivers,  abundant  forest,  millions  of  acres 
of  fertile  prairie  land,  thousands  of  square 
miles  subject  to  irrigation,  and  above  all 
a  free  government,  without  tyranny  or 
oppression,  draw  to  our  country  the 
liberty-loving,  industrious,  enterprising 
souls  of  the  world. 

One  other  fact  of  significance  should 
be  mentioned  as  the  basis  of  conclusion 
which  must  follow  in  the  democratizing 
influence  America  exerts  upon  the  world, 
namely  :  its  inherent  spirit  of  thrift.  It 
is  a  well-known  ethnological  fact  that 
the  peoples  who  live  in  a  climate  con- 
tinuously   warm    become    indolent    and 


DEMOCEATIZING  THE  WOELD      183 

improvident.  It  is  equally  true  that  in- 
habitants of  extremely  cold  regions  are 
simple  in  their  manner  of  life,  and  shriv- 
elled in  their  vision  of  enterprise.  Those 
that  dwell  in  regions  bordering  upon  the 
torrid  zone  depend  upon  natural  products 
for  sustenance.  If  they  cultivate  the 
soil  at  all  they  are  conscious  that  if  seeds 
are  not  planted  one  week,  or  the  next 
month,  they  can  be  planted  with  assur- 
ance that  they  will  come  to  maturity  in 
succeeding  months ;  while  in  frigid  zones 
agriculture  is  a  negligible  factor.  In  the 
zone  lying  between  these  two  extremes 
where  there  are  experienced  the  rhythmic 
pulsations  consequent  upon  four  distinct 
changes  of  the  season,  the  human  body 
feels  impulsion  to  activity.  The  agri- 
culturists and  horticulturists  must  plant 
within  a  certain  limited  number  of  days, 
or  the  plants  they  seek  to  cultivate  will 
not  mature  before  early  frosts  destroy 
their  prospects.  After  the  plowing  and 
sowing  have  been  completed  in  their 
regular  time,  young  plants  must  be  cul- 
tivated, and  the  battle  against  weeds, 
destructive  insects,  and  baking  soil  waged, 


184    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

or  their  labour  is  in  vain.  When  the 
planting  and  tilling  have  given  to  the 
crop  human  aid,  harvesting  must  yet  be 
done,  and  the  fruit  gathered  when  ripe, 
or  success  is  defeated.  Following  the 
spring,  summer  and  autumn  are  the  brief 
months  of  winter,  which  call  for  prepara- 
tions to  repeat  the  round  of  seasons  upon 
the  farm.     There  is  no  time  for  idleness. 

The  manufacture  of  clothing  and  food 
stuffs,  which  are  largely  controlled  in 
demand  by  seasons,  put  that  class  of 
workers  into  the  same  routine  of  compul- 
sory activity.  Conventionalities  of  so- 
ciety in  such  climatic  conditions  develop 
the  ingenuity,  and  tax  the  enterprise  of 
the  housekeeper  and  the  pocketbook  of 
the  householder  to  keep  pace  with  the 
styles  that  radically  change  four  times 
each  year,  and  semi-radically  each  day  of 
the  3^ ear. 

This  zone  with  its  variable  temperature 
accounts  in  a  large  measure  for  the  won- 
derful achievements  in  the  past  one  hun- 
dred years  of  America's  history.  Our 
Republic  dredged  its  rivers,  drained  lakes, 
built  thirty-eight  per  cent,  of  all  the  rail- 


DEMOCEATIZING  THE  WOELD      185 

roads  of  the  world ;  established  cities 
which  in  the  life  of  a  single  generation 
have  become  world  famous  and  world 
competitive ;  opened  mines,  cultivated 
claims,  irrigated  deserts,  changed  forests 
into  lumber,  and  furnished  its  products 
to  all  the  marts  of  the  world.  Such  en- 
terprise is  inherently  characteristic  of 
mankind,  but  the  environment  plays  its 
part  in  compelling  conformity  to  its  de- 
mands. Henry  Ward  Beecher  said : 
"  All  men  are  lazy,  and  I  am  the  laziest 
of  men,  but  I  have  so  many  duties  and 
obligations  pricking  me  as  needles,  I  have 
no  opportunity  to  rest."  The  average 
American  feels  the  same  incessant  prick- 
ling which  compels  the  exercise  of  in- 
genuity and  invention. 

What  has  all  this  to  do  with  the  democ- 
ratization of  the  world?  Much  every 
way.  To  the  native  born  and  the  immi- 
grant there  is  imparted  and  transfused 
the  spirit  of  democracy,  accorded  free 
exercise  of  individual  and  community 
powers,  cooperative  or  competitive,  under 
a  republican  form  of  government  recog- 
nizing  the   rights  of  all.     The  inaliena- 


186  hoeizo:n"  of  ameeican  missio:n^s 

ble  prerogatives  of  life,  liberty,  and  the 
pursuit  of  happiness,  announced  in  our 
Declaration  of  Independence,  are  freely 
exercised  by  every  individual.  From 
such  a  land  where  the  immigrant  makes 
his  home,  even  temporarily,  impressions 
of  democracy  are  conveyed  to  his  tribes- 
man in  native  lands  through  letters,  lit- 
erature and  personal  visits.  Manners 
and  customs,  factories,  methods  of  pros- 
perity, institutions,  political  ideals  and 
religion  are  put  in  contrast  and  compari- 
son. The  remarkable  advance  America 
has  made  topples  the  staid  ideals  and 
slow  moving  ideas  of  older  civilizations. 
Yet  there  are  traceable  introductions  of 
all  of  those  in  nations  in  contact  with 
America.  The  late  lamented  Emperor  of 
Japan  stated  to  American  tourists  that 
all  the  cities  and  islands  of  his  empire 
were  being  Americanized.  Japanese  who 
had  emigrated  to  our  country  commu- 
nicated to  their  relatives  in  the  home- 
land information  concerning  economics, 
sociolog}^,  education,  politics  and  religion. 
Shoes,  clothing,  cutlery,  etc.,  sent  into 
Japanese  provinces  are  changing  the  styles 


DEMOCEATIZING  THE  WOELD     187 

and  making  a  loud  demand  for  imitation 
of  the  American  people. 

American  bridges  across  African  rivers, 
American  locomotives  on  Turkish  rail- 
ways, and  American  guns  on  Chinese 
battle-ships  are  indices  of  America's  in- 
dustrial contact  with  these  and  all  na- 
tions. The  principles  of  democracy  have 
found  soil  adapted  to  their  growth  and 
development  to  the  highest  degree  of  any 
nation  in  the  world's  history.  Within 
a  decade  there  have  been  demonstra- 
tions which  furnished  irrefragable  proof 
of  America's  influence  upon  the  govern- 
ment of  modern  nations.  Most  of  these, 
which  are  mentioned  as  examples,  are 
familiar  to  every  student  of  current  chron- 
icles. The  Ottoman  empire,  which  is 
now  emerging  from  rebellion  and  war 
with  the  Balkan  States,  was  an  unlimited 
monarchy  ;  it  manifested  few  qualities  of 
mercy,  either  toward  its  own  citizens  or 
those  of  other  nations.  Through  teaching 
the  principles  of  free  government  for  the 
public,  in  the  American  college  on  the 
Bosphorus,  exchange  of  literature  and 
commodities  from  American  factories  and 


188    HOEIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

intercourse  with  American  travellers,  the 
"  Young  Turk  Party  "  came  into  being. 
It  overthrew  the  old  regime,  banished  the 
Sultan,  continued  in  part  the  form  of 
government,  but  gave  its  power  to  rep- 
resentatives of  the  people.  The  basis  of 
such  representation  was  inspired  by  the 
Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

Persia,  in  the  heart  of  Asia,  the  remnant 
of  the  old  Medo-Persian  empire,  which 
boasted  of  its  unalterable  laws,  has  yielded 
to  the  democratizing  influence  of  our 
country.  The  kingdom  once  with  un- 
challenged sovereignty,  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Darius  and  Xerxes,  of  Astyages 
and  Cambyses,  of  Cyrus  and  Ahasuerus, 
with  a  record  of  tyranny  for  length  and 
severity  never  exceeded  by  one  nation, 
has  felt  the  contagion  of  American  de- 
mocracy, changed  its  governmental  forms 
conformable  to  a  representative  bicameral 
system.  Teheran,  the  capital,  has  wit- 
nessed within  a  decade  the  assembling  of 
legislators  to  enact  laws  for  the  Persian 
people  and  the  calling  of  an  American  to 
administer  its  finances. 

Portugal,  the  small  though  honoured 


DEMOCEATIZING  THE  WOELD     189 

nation,  adventurous  in  her  strength  when 
America  was  born,  experienced  the  up- 
rising of  a  revolution  three  years  ago 
which  planted  democracy  in  her  palatial 
gardens,  assembled  representatives  to 
enact  statutes  for  the  people,  constituted 
a  judiciary  to  interpret  the  rights  of 
citizens  and  an  elective  executive  to  ad- 
minister the  laws  for  their  protection. 
The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  is 
the  basis  of  a  new  order  of  Portuguese 
democracy. 

China,  with  its  four  thousand  years  of 
history,  and  population  of  four  hundred 
and  thirty-three  million  people,  the  Nes- 
tor among  nations,  is  still  in  conflict  with 
the  inert  conservatism  which  obstructs  a 
complete  establishment  of  the  Western 
civilization  in  her  territory.  The  spirit 
of  democracy  which  forbade  the  dis- 
memberment of  the  Chinese  empire, 
voiced  by  the  United  States  and  exem- 
plified in  the  refusal  to  accept  an  indemnity 
for  the  Boxer  uprising,  has  become  so  far 
dominant  in  the  "  Middle  flowery  king- 
dom "  as  to  give  assurance  that  a  republic 
supplant  a  monarchy.     An  address  from 


190    HORIZON  OF  AMERICAN  MISSIONS 

the  leaders  of  revolutionists  read  much 
like  our  Declaration  of  Independence. 

This  chapter  will  only  allow  mention 
of  seventeen  republics  in  Central  and 
South  America,  whose  forms  of  govern- 
ment are  patterned  after  that  of  the 
United  States  of  America.  The  claim  for 
this  world-wide  democratization  is  not 
based  upon  American  pride,  but  upon  the 
evidence  of  foreign  statesmen,  journalists, 
travellers,  writers  of  current  opinion. 
While  America  democratizes  the  world, 
oh  !  that  it  might  Christianize  it  with 
the  mighty  strides  with  which  it  obtains 
industrial  and  diplomatic  recognition. 
Upon  our  silver  dollars  and  gold  coin  is 
stamped — ''In  God  we  trust!"  If  the 
full  import  of  that  motto  could  be  carried 
with  the  influence  of  democracy  into 
every  country,  America's  recognition  as 
an  evangel  of  God  would  be  complete. 
Then  the  Horizon  of  American  Missions, 
with  our  heritage  of  religious  and  politi- 
cal liberty,  with  our  cities  and  open  coun- 
try given  the  Gospel,  with  our  immigrants 
recognized  as  offsprings  of  God,  would  be 
world-encircling  and  world-illuminating. 


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Index 


Abraham,  65 

Ahasuei'us,  188 

Americanization,  process  of, 
71,  78,  79,80,  83 

American  civilization,  the  in- 
fluence of,  174-177 

Anti-liquor  legislation,  the  first, 
26 

Anti-slavery  document,  the  first, 
26 

Arizona,  the  state  of,  52,  55 

Astyages,  188 

Austria-Hungary,  69 

Balkan  States,  the,  187 

Baltimore,  the  city  of,  80,  93 

Baltimore,  Lord,  25 

Bancroft,  26 

Baptists,  26 

Basil,  the  Emperor,  179 

Beecher,    Henry    Ward,     168, 

185 
Berlin,  the  city  of,  91 
Bible    Society,   the   American, 

42,  51.75 
Bombay,  the  city  of,  90 
Bonaparte,  Napoleon,  45 
Boston,  the  city  of,  93 
Bradford,  Governor,  32 
Brahmanists,  51 
Brainerd,  David,   the   diary  of, 

28 
Brothel,  a  destructive  force,  115, 

116 
Buddhism,  the  introduction  into 

America  of,  49-51 
Budget  plan^of  church  finance, 

125-129 
Bulgaria,  no 


Calcutta,  the  city  of,  90 
California,  42,  46,  47,   48,  52j 

75.  H7 
Cambyses,  188 

Chaldea,  65 

Charter  of  Virginia,  24 

Chaumonot,  pioneer  missionary, 
26 

Chicago,  the  city  of,  80,  91,  93 

China,  population  of,  39 ;  his- 
tory of,  40;  religion  of,  50; 
influenced  by  American  ideals, 
189 

Chinese,  the  Republic,  33;  the 
people,  74,  75,  76,  79,  187 

Christianity,  the  spread  of,  20- 
22,  24;  present  day  function 
in  America,  106-107  ;  institu- 
tional products  of,  113,  114, 
121 

Christian  Missions,  definition 
and  scope  of,  19-20 

Chrysostom,  168 

Church,  increase  in  member- 
ship of,  59  ;  efficiency  of  the, 
123,  Chap.  VI ;  finances  of, 
124-129;  function  of,  137- 
139;  relation  to  community, 
140-142  (See  Rural  Church) 

Cities,  life  of,  88-90 ;  congestion 
ofpopulation  in, 91-96;  gospel 
in  relation  to,  97-102,  Chap. 
IV 

Cleveland,  the  city  of,  193 

Colorado,  47,  52,  55,  147 

Columbus,  23 

Congregationalists,  26 

Constantine,  the  edict  of,  177 

Constantinople,  22,  179 


193 


194 


INDEX 


Convention,  the   constitutional, 

33 
Covenanters,  26 

Cuba,  23 

Cyrus,  188 

Dablon,    pioneer    missionary, 

26 
Darius,  King,  188 
Declaration    of    Independence, 

33,  40,  186 
Delaware,  25 
Divorce,  the  evil  of,  58 

Edwards,  Jonathan,  28 

Egbert,  King,  40 

Egypt,  65 

Eliot,   Dr.    Chas.  W.,  69,  108, 

172 
Elliott,  John,  27 
England,  24,  40,  45 
Englishman,  79 

Family,  life  and  influence  of, 
108-109 

Filipinos,  74 

Foreigners,  on  Pacific  coast, 
42,  5 1 ;  in  Northwest,  47  ;  in 

•  cities,  80;  missionary  work 
among,  78  (See  also  Immi- 
grants) 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  33 

France,  39,  69 

Friars,  the  Roman  Catholic,  26 

Gamaliel,  66 

Gambling,  a  destructive  force, 

116-117 
Garfield,  James  A.,  34 
Georgia,  the  settlement  of,  25 
Germans,  67,  74 
Germantown,  the  settlement  of, 

25 

Germany,  39,  43,  69 

God,  America's  recognized  de- 
pendence upon,  32-35, 59-60 

Goths,  the,  22 


Great  Britain,  39,  69,  177 
Greece,  21,  43 
Greeks,  67,  79,  178 
Greenland,  23 

Hamilton,  Alexander,  17 

Hebrews,  79,  97,  173,  178 

Hindus,  74,  75 

Hispano- American  War,  24,  34 

Holland,  24,  43 

Home  Missions,  definition  and 
scope  of,  19-20 ;  relation  to 
religious  liberty  and  political 
freedom,  35,  60-62,  106 

Home  Missions  Council,  46,  47 

Hungarians,  65 

Huguenots,  26 

Idaho,  47,  52,  55,  147 
Idolatry,  practiced  in  America, 

51-52 

Immigrants,  Biblical  characters 

who  were,  65,  66 ;  annual 
inflow  and  per  capita  wealth, 
67-69 ;  duty  toward,  68, 
77, 84,  1 79 ;  necessary  changes 
in  occupations  of,  69-70 ;  re- 
jected, 70 ;  the  return  to 
native  land  of  successful,  71- 
76  ;  as  commercial  asset,  74, 
75 ;  assimilation  of,  77,  79, 
81-83   (See  also  Foreigners) 

Imperial  Valley,  75 

India,  39,  50,  75 

Indians,  translation  of  Bible  for 
the,  27 ;  missionary  efforts 
among,  27-29;  their  lack  of 
vision,  29-31  ;  population  of, 
29,  41 ;  wealth  of,  42 

Iowa,  147 

Italians,  42,  67,  79 

Italy,  21,  23,  39,  43,  69 

Jacob,  65 

Jacques,  pioneer  missionary,  26 

Japan,  50, 174-177 

Japanese,  on  Pacific  coast,  74, 


INDEX 


195 


75>  1^*  79  J  deputation  to  in- 
vestigate Christianity,  175- 
177  ;  Americanization  of,  186- 
187 

Joseph,  66 

Justinian,  179 

Kansas,  47,  52,  55 
Kipling,  Rudyard,  85 
Koreans,  on  Pacific  coast,  74 

La  Salle,  pioneer  missionary, 

26 
Lief,  son  of  Eric  the  Norseman, 

23 
Lincoln,    President    Abraham, 

34,81 
"Little  Wolf"  (SeeUlfilas) 
London,  91 
Lutherans,  26 

Macedonia,  21,  22 

Marquette,  pioneer  missionary, 
26 

Maryland,  25,  46 

Mayhews,  the,  28 

Medo-Persian  Empire,  188 

Mennonites,  26 

Mexico,  181 

Mikado,  the,  175,  177,  186 

Ministers,  supply  and  location. 
Chap;  VII ;  why  supply  is 
diminishing,  147-152;  de- 
mands upon,  152-155  ;  high 
cost  of  living  affecting,  155- 
156;  methods  of  locating, 
157-163  ;  pensions  for;  166- 
167  ;  basis  for  selection  of, 
165-168 

Minnesota,  47,  55,  147 

Mohammedans,  51 

Montana,  47,  52,  53,  55,  147 

Montenegro,  no 

Moravians,  26 

Mormonism,  52,  53 

Mott,  John  R.,  79 


Nationalism,  the  spirit  of,  44, 

45 

Nebraska,  47,  52,  55 

Negro,  population  and  impor- 
tance as  industrial  factor,  41 ; 
duty  to  the,  42 

Nevada,  47,  55 

New  Amsterdam,  25 

New  England,  96 

New  Mexico,  47,  52 

New  Orleans,  91 

New  York,  43,  80,  91,  93,  loi 

Ng  Poon  Chew,  73 

Non-creative  forces  and  destruc- 
tive agencies,  114-117 

North  Dakota,  47.  53,  54,  55 

Norway,  King  of,  22 

Oglethorpe,  25 
Ohio,  56,  57 
Oregon,  47,  55,  56,  147 
Ottoman    Empire,    the   Ameri- 
canization of,  187-188 

Pacific  Coast,  42,  74,  75,  96 

Paganism,  173 

Panama  Canal,  influence  of  the 
opening,  43 

Paris,  91,  92 

Paul,  the  Apostle,  21,  66,  99 

Pekin,  90 

Persia,  Americanization  of,   188 

Phelps,  Professor  Austin,  170 

Philadelphia,  city  of,  80,  93 

Phillips,  Capt.,  34 

Portugal,  population,  39 ;  in- 
fluence of  America  upon,  188- 
189 

Portuguese,  42 

Presbyterians,  26,  151 

Protestants,  26,  97,  152,  173 

Punjab,  75 

Puritans  and  Pilgrims,  24 

Quakers,  the,  25,  26 

Reformed  Church,  the 
Dutch,  25 


196 


INDEX 


Robinson,  Father,  24 
Robinson,  F.  W.,  168 
Roman  Catholic  church,  25,  26, 

97.  173.  177 
Rural  church,  the,  54,  56,  57; 
the  ministry  of,  129-133;  as  a 
social  centre,  131-132;  non- 
progressive tendencies,  133- 
134  ;  relation  to  city  churches, 
134;    strategical    position  of, 

135-^36 
Russia,  39,  40,  69 
Russians,  number  in  America, 

42 

Saloon,    a    destructive    force, 

114-115 

San  Diego,  the  city  of,  75 

San  Fernando,  23 

San  Francisco,  43,  69,  91 

Scandinavia,  69 

School,  the  public,  1 1 1  ;  a  prod- 
uct of  Christianity,  112 

Scotland,  84 

Servia,  no 

Shanghai,  90 

"  Silver  Bible,"  the,  22 

South-American  Republics, 
America's  example  to,  190 

South  Dakota,  47,  53,  54,  55 

Spain,  21,  23,  39,  43 

State,  the  creative  force  of  the, 
110 

St.  Augustine,  26 

St.  Louis,  93 

St,  Petersburg,  91 

St.  Sophia,  179 

Sultan,  the,  188 

Switzerland,  69 

Teheran,  188 

Tithes  and  tithing,  124-125 


Tokio,  90 
Turkey,  no,  188 

Ulfilas,  22 

United  States,  rapid  growth, 
40,  41 ;  distribution  of  popula- 
tion, 41-43;  regional  survey 
of,  44,  46,  Chap.  II ;  her  five 
great  permanent  achieve- 
ments, 172-174  ;  scope  of  her 
influence,  180,  186-192;  geo- 
graphical isolation,  1 80-181  ; 
natural  advantages,  182-184 

Utah,  47,  55 

Ur,  65 

Valentine,  Commissioner,  29 

Vancouver,  75 

Vandals,  65 

Vienna,  city  of,  22 

Vineland,  23 

Virginia,     Cavaliers     of,     24 ; 

"  First  families  of,"  46 
Vladimir,  conversion  of,   178- 

179 

Washington,  D,  C,  96 
Washington,  General  George,  33 
Washington,  state  of,  47,  55,75, 

147 
White  man,  the  vision  of  the, 

3^32 
Williams,  Roger,  28 
Woolman,  John,  28 
Wyoming,  47,  52,  55 

Xerxes,  188 

Yokohama,  91 
Young,  Brigham,  53 

Zangwill,  Israel,  81 


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